Pharmaceutical Microbiology

382 Pages·2007·4.18 MB·English

by  Ashutosh Kar

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Copyright © 2008 New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers
Published by New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers
All rights reserved.
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system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of the publisher.
All inquiries should be emailed to [email protected]
ISBN (13) : 978-81-224-2867-4
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In the recent past, the world has witnessed the smooth transition
of the ‘quantum state’ of a trapped Ca2+ ion to another Ca2+ ion via
meticulously teleported means in a critically controlled manner thereby
mustering enough hope that in the near future ‘teleportation’ of
individual atoms and molecules would pave the way to teleportation of
molecules and ‘microorganisms’.
‘‘Dreams will only help you actualize your goals. I started dreaming
when I was a child.....
I became a scientist because I dreamt’’.
—APJ Abdul Kalam
Hon’ble President of India
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PREFACE
The textbook of ‘Pharmaceutical Microbiology’ specifically aims at the ever demanding
thoughtful need of an absolutely well-documented compilation of factual details related to : theoritical
principles, classifications, diagramatic profiles, graphic presentations, critical explanation, latest examples
for the Pharmacy Degree (B. Pharm.,) throughout the Indian Universities, SAARC-countries, and similar
curricula adopted abroad.
Modern invigorative society, based on the overwhelming and overemphasized broad-spectrum
importance vis-a-vis utilities of ‘Microbiology’ profusely gets benefited from the intricate species of
scores of microorganisms in several ways and means, namely : antibiotics, vaccines, enzymes, vitamins
etc. Nevertheless, a quantum-leap-forward in the field of ‘Modern Biotechnology’ rests predominantly
upon reasonably sound microbiological foundation. Besides, microorganisms do modulate a plethora
of vital and critical functionalities, such as : (a) enable completion of cycles of C, O, N and S which
essentially occur in both terrestrial and aquatic systems ; (b) provide absolutely indispensable
components of prevailing ecosystem ; and (c) serve as a critical source of ‘nutrients’ occurring at the
grass-root of practically a large segment of ecological food webs and chains.
The entire course-content presented in ‘Pharmaceutical Microbiology’ has been meticulously
and painstakingly developed and expanded as per the AICTE-Approved Syllabus–2000. Each chapter
has been duly expatiated in a simple, lucid, and crisp language easily comprehensible by its august
readers. A unique largely acceptable style of presentation has been adopted, viz., brief introduction,
principles, labeled figures, graphics, diagrams of equipments, descriptions, explanations, pharmaceutical
applications, and selected classical examples. Each chapter is duly elaborated with adequate foot-notes,
references, and ‘further reading references’ at the end.
An exhaustive ‘Glossary of Important Microbiological Terminologies’ has been duly annexed
at the end of the textbook. A fairly up to date computer-generated ‘Index’ in the textbook will surely
enlarge the vision of its readers in gaining an easy access of subject enriched well documented text
materials.
Pharmaceutical Microbiology consists of Ten Chapters : (1) Introduction and Scope ;
(2) Structure and Function : Bacterial Cells ; (3) Characterization, Classification and Taxonomy of
Microbes ; (4) Identification of Microorganisms ; (5) Nutrition, Cultivation and Isolation : Bacteria-
Actinomycetes-Fungi-Viruses ; (6) Microbial Genetics and Variations ; (7) Microbial Control by Physical
and Chemical Methods ; (8) Sterility Testing : Pharmaceutical Products ; (9) Immune Systems ; and
(10) Microbiological (Microbial) Assays : Antibiotics–Vitamins–Amino Acids.
The text material essentially embodies not only an ample emphasis on the vivid coverage of
fundamental principles of microbiology as a scientific discipline but also maintains a manageable length
for the apprehension of brilliant students.
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Microbial assays for antibiotics, vitamins, and amino acids have been treated at length with
sufficient experimental details to enable students, research scholars, and budding scientists to pursue
their objectives in the field of Pharmaceutical Microbiology.
The author earnestly believes that ‘Pharmaceutical Microbiology’ may prove to be of paramount
importance for B. Pharm. (Pharmacy Degree), M. Sc., (Food Microbiology), M. Sc., (Microbiology),
and M. Sc., (Environmental Science) students as well.
I extend my sincere thanks to Shri Saumya Gupta, MD and his excellent production wing to have
the project completed in a record time frame.
Gurgaon Ashutosh Kar
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Scope ... 1
1.1 Introduction ... 1
1.2 Historical Development of Microbiology ... 3
1.2.1. The Microscope ... 3
1.2.2. Spontaneous Generation Vs Biogenesis ... 4
1.2.3. Fermentation ... 6
1.2.4. Germ Theory ... 6
1.2.5. Classical Laboratory Methods and Pure Cultures ... 7
1.2.6. Immunity ... 8
1.2.7. Medical Microbiology ... 9
1.2.8. Pharmaceutical Microbiology ... 10
1.2.9. Industrial Microbiology ... 14
1.2.10. Emergence of Molecular Biology ... 15
1.2.11. Emergence of Virology ... 17
1.2.12. Microorganisms as Geochemical Agents ... 19
1.2.13. Microbiology in the New Millennium ... 19.
2. Structure and Function : Bacterial Cells ... 23
2.1 Introduction ... 23
2.2 Characteristic Features ... 23
2.2.1. Shape ... 23
2.2.2. Size ... 23
2.2.3. Reproduction ... 24
2.2.4. Formation of Colony ... 24
2.2.5. Mutation ... 24
2.2.6. Motility ... 24
2.2.7. Food and Oxygen Requirements ... 24
2.2.8. Temperature Requirements ... 24
2.3 Activities ... 25
2.4 Organization of Microbial Cells ... 25
2.4.1. Type of Cells ... 26
2.4.1.1. Eukaryotic Cells ... 27
2.4.1.2. Prokaryotic Cells ... 33
2.5 Archaeobacteria and Eubacteria ... 37
2.5.1. Methanogenic Bacteria [Methanogens] ... 38
2.5.2. Extreme Halophiles ... 40
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