Pharmaceutical Compounding and Dispensing PDF
Preview Pharmaceutical Compounding and Dispensing
Pharmaceutical Compounding and Dispensing Pharmaceutical Compounding and Dispensing SECOND EDITION John F Marriott BSc,PhD,MRPharmS,FHEA ProfessorofClinicalPharmacy AstonUniversitySchoolofPharmacy,UK Keith A Wilson BSc,PhD,FRPharmS HeadofSchool AstonUniversitySchoolofPharmacy,UK Christopher A Langley BSc,PhD,MRPharmS,MRSC,FHEA SeniorLecturerinPharmacyPractice AstonUniversitySchoolofPharmacy,UK Dawn Belcher BPharm,MRPharmS,FHEA TeachingFellow,PharmacyPractice AstonUniversitySchoolofPharmacy,UK PublishedbythePharmaceuticalPress 1LambethHighStreet,LondonSE17JN,UK 1559StPaulAvenue,Gurnee,IL60031,USA (cid:1)PharmaceuticalPress2010 isatrademarkofPharmaceuticalPress PharmaceuticalPressisthepublishingdivisionoftheRoyalPharmaceuticalSocietyof GreatBritain Firsteditionpublished2006 Secondeditionpublished2010 TypesetbyThomsonDigital,Noida,India PrintedinGreatBritainbyTJInternational,Padstow,Cornwall ISBN9780853699125 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrieval system,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthepriorwritten permissionofthecopyrightholder. Thepublishermakesnorepresentation,expressorimplied,withregardtothe accuracyoftheinformationcontainedinthisbookandcannotacceptanylegal responsibilityorliabilityforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade. TherightofJohnFMarriott,KeithAWilson,ChristopherALangleyandDawnBelcher tobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedbytheminaccordancewith theCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct,1988. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. Contents Preface ix Abouttheauthors x Acknowledgements xi MuseumoftheRoyalPharmaceuticalSociety xii BritishSocietyfortheHistoryofPharmacy xiv Onlinematerial xv Part 1 History of compounding 1 1 Historicalperspective 3 Theoriginsofthepharmacyprofession 3 FoundationoftheRoyalPharmaceuticalSocietyofGreatBritain 5 Pharmacylegislation 6 Developmentofthepharmacopoeias 8 2 Obsoletedosageforms,equipmentandmethodsofpreparation 17 Obsoletepharmaceuticalpreparationsandpreparativemethods 18 Oldpharmaceuticalequipment 34 Oldpharmaceuticalcontainers 38 3 Historicalweightsandmeasures 41 Metrication 41 Part 2 Pharmaceutical forms and their preparation 47 4 Keyformulationskills 49 Weightsandmeasures 49 Medicationstrength 59 5 Extemporaneousdispensing 65 Guidetogeneralgoodpracticerequirements 65 Suitablerecordkeeping 67 Equipment 67 Productformulae 74 Ingredients 75 Storageandlabellingrequirements 91 Pharmaceuticalpackaging 96 vi | Contents 6 Solutions 101 Introductionandoverview 101 Generalprinciplesofsolutionpreparation 103 Oralsolutions 104 Garglesandmouthwashes 105 Enemasanddouches 105 Externalsolutions 105 Workedexamples 106 Summaryofessentialprinciplesrelatingtosolutions 112 7 Suspensions 115 Introductionandoverview 115 Generalprinciplesofsuspensionpreparation 116 Oraldiffusiblesuspensions 117 Oralindiffusiblesuspensions 119 Suspensionsforexternaluse 119 Workedexamples 120 Summaryofessentialprinciplesrelatingtosuspensions 127 8 Emulsions 131 Introductionandoverview 131 Formulationofemulsions 133 Generalmethodofpreparationofanemulsionusingthedrygummethod 135 Stabilityofemulsions 136 Emulsionsforexternaluse 137 Workedexamples 138 Summaryofessentialprinciplesrelatingtoemulsions 151 9 Creams 153 Introductionandoverview 153 Terminologyusedinthepreparationofcreams,ointments,pastesandgels 153 Generalprinciplesofcreampreparation 154 Workedexamples 156 Summaryofessentialprinciplesrelatingtocreams 160 10 Ointments,pastesandgels 163 Introductionandoverview 163 Ointments 163 Pastes 165 Gels 167 Workedexamples 170 Summaryofessentialprinciplesrelatingtoointments,pastesandgels 181 11 Suppositoriesandpessaries 183 Introductionandoverview 183 Generalprinciplesofsuppositoryandpessarypreparation 184 Generalmethodforsuppositorypreparation 186 Workedexamples 187 Summaryofessentialprinciplesrelatingtosuppositoriesandpessaries 192 Contents | vii 12 Powdersandcapsules 195 Introductionandoverview 195 Bulkpowdersforexternaluse 195 Bulkoralpowders 196 Individualunitdosepowders 197 Unitdosecapsules 199 Workedexamples 202 Summaryofessentialprinciplesrelatingtopowdersandcapsules 205 13 Specialisedformulationissues 207 Introductionandoverview 207 Posology 207 Dermatologicalextemporaneousformulation 213 Furtherreading 215 Part 3 Product formulae 217 Preface 219 14 Creams 225 15 Dustingpowders 229 16 Internalmixtures 231 17 Liniments,lotionsandapplications 249 18 Ointmentsandpastes 253 19 Powders 257 20 Miscellaneousformulae 259 Appendix1Glossaryoftermsusedinformulations 261 Appendix2Abbreviationscommonlyusedinpharmacy 263 Appendix3ChangingsubstancenamesfromBritishApprovedNames torecommendedInternationalNon-ProprietaryNames 265 Bibliography 271 Index 273 Preface Pharmacistsortheirpharmaceuticalequivalentshave asareference-basedtutorialtothemethodsemployed beenresponsibleforcompoundingmedicinesforcen- inmedicines’compounding.Thetexthasbeendesigned turies. Recently this role has been challenged in the toallowstudentsandpractitionerstobeabletoexam- pharmaceuticalliteraturewithsuggestionsandrecom- ineeitherallorpartofthesubsequentchaptersinorder mendationsthatitisinappropriateforthepharmaceu- tofamiliarisethemselveswiththecompoundingtech- tical practitioner to compound medicines in a local niques necessary to produce products of appropriate pharmacy environment. Notwithstanding this valid qualityandefficacy.Inaddition,thetextissupported debate,itisclearthatavastarrayofskillsandknowl- by moving images in order to augment the necessary edgewithregardtomedicines’compoundinghasbeen techniquesandexpertise. accruedandrefined,certainlyoverthelasttwocentu- The text also has a role when considering the ries.Inthepresentenvironmentitispossiblethatthis designandimplementationofstandardoperatingpro- knowledgeandskillbasemightbedispersedandulti- cedures(SOPs)pertinenttocertainsectorsofprofes- matelylost.However,itisnotbeyondtheboundsof sionalpracticetoday.Althoughwedonotexpectall imaginationtoconceivethattherewillbetimes,albeit practitioners of pharmacy to be compounding medi- possibly in the face of some form of environmental, cines on a daily basis, we hope that should the need culturalorlocalemergency,whenpharmacistsmight arisethistextwilleffectivelysupportanyworkofthis becalledupontoextemporaneouslycompoundmed- naturethatmightbeencountered. icines when conventional supply chains are either This second edition has updated the first edition unavailableorhavebrokendown. and, to assist the student compounder, the text now Thistexthasbeendesignedwithanumberoffunc- includesexamplesofthepharmaceuticallabelforeach tionsinmind.First,itisimportanttobeawareofsome workedexample. ofthehistoricalpathwaysthathaveledtothepresent technological position of pharmacists. In addition, JohnFMarriott unless many of the antiquated measuring systems, KeithAWilson methodologies and formulations are preserved in ChristopherALangley some reference work, they might be lost forever, or DawnBelcher at least be totally unavailable except to the dogged Birmingham,UnitedKingdom historian. Primarily, however, this work is intended January2010
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