Pediatric Rehab

540 Pages·2010·11.38 MB·English

Pediatric
Rehabilitation
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F O U R T H E D I T I O N
Pediatric
Rehabilitation
Principles and Practice
EDITORS Michael A. Alexander, MD
Professor, Pediatrics, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Thomas Jefferson University
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Chief of Pediatric Rehabilitation
Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children
Wilmington, Delaware
Dennis J. Matthews, MD
Fischahs Chair
Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine
Professor and Chair
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine
Aurora, Colorado
New York
Acquisitions Editor: Beth Barry
Cover Design: Steve Pisano
Compositor: NewGen North America
Printer: Bang Printing
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Pediatric rehabilitation : principles and practice / [edited by]
Michael A. Alexander, Dennis J. Matthews.—4th ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978–1–933864–37–2
1. Children with disabilities—Rehabilitation. I. Alexander, Michael A.
(Michael Allen), 1947– II. Matthews, Dennis J.
[DNLM: 1. Disabled Children—rehabilitation. WS 368 P37125 2009]
RJ138.P38 2009
617⬘.03—dc22 2009024706
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Dedication
To Dr. Gabriella Molnar, a recognized founder of our Medicine Service. Concluding her career at Children’s
field of pediatric rehabilitation medicine. Dr. Molnar Hospital and Research Center in Oakland, California,
created our first textbook, edited the subsequent two where she created a new Department of Pediatric
editions, and wrote numerous state-of-the-art text- Rehabilitation Medicine, she finished training her
book reviews for the Child with Physical Disability. last of over 50 domestic and international fellows.
After escaping from Hungary in 1956 from the Russian Her speaking career has included invitations from all
occupation and communist regime, Dr. Molnar dis- over the world, including Australia, Europe, Asia, and
played much foresight and courage throughout her England. She has served on the editorial boards for
professional career. Her guiding principle has always the Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
been that children are not miniature adults, but indi- from 1976 to 1994 and Developmental Medicine and
viduals with changing physical, intellectual, and Child Neurology from 1992 to 1997. She is a recipient
emotional abilities and needs. At every age, there- of the Krusen Award from the American Academy of
fore, the principles of rehabilitation medicine have Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (AAPMR), the
to be adapted to these changing aptitudes. Beginning highest honor obtainable for proven performance in
as a resident at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, clinical expertise, contributions to the literature, and
Dr. Molnar quickly rose through the ranks from administration in the field of rehabilitation medicine.
faculty instructor to full tenured professor, while Simply stated, Dr. Molnar defines the standard for the
developing and running the Pediatric Rehabilitation rest of us to follow.
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Contents
Preface ...................................................................................................................................................... ix
Contributors .............................................................................................................................................. xi
Chapter 1 History and Examination .................................................................................................... 1
Michael A. Alexander and Gabriella E. Molnar
Chapter 2 Medical Care of Children with Disabilities ........................................................................ 13
Susan D. Apkon and Deirdre Arnholz
Chapter 3 Psychological Assessment in Pediatric Rehabilitation ....................................................... 21
Jane A. Crowley and Kayla White-Waters
Chapter 4 Language Development in Disorders of Communication and Oral Motor Function ............. 53
Lynn Driver, Rita Ayyangar, and Marie Van Tubbergen
Chapter 5 Adaptive Sports and Recreation ....................................................................................... 79
Ellen S. Kaitz and Michelle Miller
Chapter 6 Orthotic and Assistive Devices....................................................................................... 103
Elizabeth L. Koczur, Carrie E. Strine, Denise Peischl, Richard Lytton,
Tariq Rahman, and Michael A. Alexander
Chapter 7 Electrodiagnosis in Pediatrics ........................................................................................ 127
Craig M. McDonald
Chapter 8 Cerebral Palsy ............................................................................................................... 165
Mary McMahon, David Pruitt, and Jilda Vargus-Adams
Chapter 9 Spina Bifida .................................................................................................................. 199
Elaine L. Pico, Pamela E. Wilson, and Rochelle Haas
Chapter 10 Traumatic Brain Injury ................................................................................................... 231
Linda E. Krach, Mark E. Gormley, Jr., and Marcie Ward
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viii Contents
Chapter 11 Spinal Cord Injuries ....................................................................................................... 261
Virginia Simson Nelson and Joseph E. Hornyak
Chapter 12 Neuromuscular Diseases ............................................................................................... 277
Craig M. McDonald
Chapter 13 Pediatric Limb Deficiencies............................................................................................ 335
Deborah Gaebler-Spira and Robert D. Lipschutz
Chapter 14 Orthopedics and Musculoskeletal Conditions ................................................................. 361
Kevin P. Murphy, Colleen A. Wunderlich, Elaine L. Pico,
Sherilyn Whateley Driscoll, Elizabeth Moberg-Wolff, Melanie Rak,
and Maureen R. Nelson
Chapter 15 Aging With Pediatric Onset Disability and Diseases ........................................................ 425
Margaret A. Turk, Lynne Romeiser Logan, and David Kanter
Chapter 16 The Assessment of Human Gait, Motion, and Motor Function ......................................... 461
James J. Carollo and Dennis J. Matthews
Chapter 17 Psychosocial Aspects of Pediatric Rehabilitation ............................................................ 493
Lee Renee Lucas
Index ........................................................................................................................................................501
Preface
This is the first edition of Pediatric Rehabilitation that following the children serially. Our options for spas-
has not been under the leadership of Dr. Gabriella ticity management are different and more widely used
Molnar, who is happily retired and living with her than in the last edition of this book.
“cowboy” in Oklahoma. She has passed the torch to We are constantly challenged by children who
me and Dennis Matthews and we have been stim- are surviving cancers to assist in their rehabilitation.
ulated by the challenge. For the most part we have Patients with solid organ transplants benefit from our
kept the basic structure of past editions while mak- services. Our patients seem sicker, spend less time on
ing changes that reflect the advancement of pediatric our inpatient units, and are now managed in day pro-
rehabilitation. grams. The chapter authors have diligently incorpo-
Our field is changing and so we have streamlined rated these issues and many more.
some topics and added new chapters on gait labs, A new feature of this edition is “Pearls and Perils”
as many of us are actively involved in this exciting of caring for different types of patients. These pearls
adjunct to our practice of medicine. We have added a and perils are important take-home points some of the
new chapter on aging with pediatric onset disability authors have for you.
that will be of great interest to physiatrists. You will notice that some chapter authors have
Medicine and rehabilitation are changing. Many returned and we have asked them to incorporate new
of us see very few arthritis patients. Our rheumatology pediatric rehabilitation specialists, as it is our hope
colleagues are doing a fantastic job with these children that these new coauthors will become the senior
and so the need for rehabilitations has decreased. Leg authors of future chapters and perhaps editors of
lengthening, limb salvage procedures, limb reattach- future editions.
ment, and improved safety of farm machinery have We are happy to present to you this compiled wis-
decreased the number of children who need prosthe- dom of the brightest and most enthusiastic clinicians
sis. Genetic testing has altered the referral patterns for in our tightly knit group of pediatric rehabilitation
children who need electromyography. Bladder conti- specialists.
nence and bowel irrigation surgeries have changed
Michael A. Alexander
how we manage patients with spinal cord injuries.
Dennis J. Matthews
More of us are seeing children with concussions
as the literature proves the value of screening and
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