Table Of Content

adrenal androgens 155-6 breast stucture, adult and breast cancer 187-9 basal cells 158-9 adrenal hormones duct system 157 effects on gonad 286-7 during menstrual cycle 159-60 and GnRH secretion 281-3 luminal epithelium 158 and nutritional status 269-71 myoepithelial cells 158-9 adrenal insufficiency 156 in pregnancy 160-1 adrenarche 155-6 response to steroids 175-202 amino acid see also mammary gland metabolism 260-3 brain uptake 261-2 amniotic fluid Caenorhabditis, sex determination 3-5 prolactin content 106-8 carbohydrate metabolism 256-9, 263-4 androgen deficiency carcinogenesis, and breast cancer 193-5 and breast growth 162 catecholamines, in corpus luteum 224-5 anti-Millerian hormone, see Miillerian chromosome crossing-over 8 inhibitor contraceptive steroids arachidonic acid and breast cancer 179 in corpus luteum 221-4 corpora cavernosa 74-95 corpus luteum in domestic ruminants 203-37 baculum 75 endocrine control 210-25 body composition origin of cell types 204-10 and puberty 251-2 corpus spongiosum 74-95 body weight CZB medium 61-2 and puberty 251-2 bovine placental hormones 125-33 decidual prolactin, human breast, benign disease 179 biological activity 112-13 breast bud 155 and growth hormone family 97-148 breast cancer 175-202 receptors 100, 113 animal models 181-3 secretion 104, 106-8 endocrine correlates 183-91 dog, breast cancer 182 epidemiology 177-81, 183-91 Drosophila, sex determination 3-5 mathematical models 191-3 reproductive variables and 177-81 breast development embryo androgen deficiency 162 amino acid content 49-50 androgen excess 163-4 ATP requirement 42-3, 51-2 and breast cancer, human 192-3 carbohydrate content 38-42, 49, 58-9 growth hormone 164-5 cell proliferation 57 human 149-74 delayed implanting 60 oestrogen deficiency 161-2 development of culture 36-8, 57-62 oestrogen excess 162-3 enzyme activity in 52-3 placental lactogen 164-5 free radical formation 59-60 postnatal 151-7 human 47 prenatal 150-1 mass 38-42 prolactin 164-5 oxygen consumption 43-4 at puberty 1534 protein content 38-42 rat 181-2 two-cell block 59 314 Index embryonic genome activation 38-42 hypothalamic-pituitary system, and under- erection nutrition 249-311 neurotransmitters and 83-6 neural control of 76-7 phases 77-9 impotence 83, 86-8 vascular changes 79-80 see also erection see also penis insulin anatomy 80-3 effects on ovary 284-6 uptake into brain 257 regulation of carbohydrate meta- fat, and steroid metabolism 252 bolism 257-9, 263-4 body composition 251-2 insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I, IGF-II) metabolism 260 in corpus luteum 224 fetal growth 111 and nutritional status 265-6 freemartin 16 stimulation by placental GH 110-11 free radical formation, in embryo 59-60 lactation anovulation 246-7, 268, 273-5 lactation, and breast cancer 178 genes, and sex determination 1-26 Leydig cells 17 genital ridge 11-18 LH, and luteal function 210-15 germ cells see also GnRH, gonadotrophins sex determination 12-14 lipid metabolism 260 and gonadal development 14-18 luteal cell GH, see growth hormone, placental GH morphology 204-7 glucose origin 207-10 metabolism, in embryo 53-4, 58 factors produced by 218-25 transport, in embryo 54-5 luteolysis 215-17, 219-21 GnRH, pituitary responsiveness 272-5 GnRH secretion and nutritional status 275-83 mammary gland, effect of placental neurotransmitter pathways 278-81 lactogens 112, 123, 130-1 GnRH neuron 282-3 see also breast goat, placental hormones 125-33 menarche, and breast cancer 177-8, 185, gonad, see ovary, testis 192-3 gonadotrophins menopause, and breast cancer 178 and nutritional status 275-83 menstrual cycles in prepubertal period, humans 152-3 and breast cancer 177-8, 185, 193 at puberty 155 and nutritional status, 245-7 growth factors metabolic rate 242-4, 253-7 and breast cancer 195 metabolism 252-64 in corpus luteum 224-5 responses to nutrient intake 256-63 growth hormone Moolgavkar model of breast cancer 191-2 and breast development 164-5 mouse, placental hormones 113-24 effects on ovary 285-6 breast development 151 and nutritional status 265-6, 273-5 Millerian inhibitor 13-17 gynaecomastia 156-7 Miillerian inhibitory substance, see Miillerian inhibitor H-Y antigen 9-11 hamster, placental hormones 113-24 neuropeptide Y 280 human placental lactogen, hPL neuropeptides 256 biological activity 109-12 nutrient intake in fetal circulation 106 responses to 256-63 molecular biology 100-2 see also nutrition non-human primates 113 nutrition and reproduction 239-311 receptors 100, 111 experimental models 249-50 related hormones 97-148 GnRH secretion 275-83 secretion 103-6 and ovulation 245-7 Index 315 and puberty 242-5, 253-6 pregnancy and reproduction 239-311 and breast cancer 177-8 and testis function 247-8 changes in breast 160-1 progesterone and breast cancer 189-91 oestrogen deficiency synthesis by luteal cells 210-26 breast growth 161-2 prolactin oestrogen receptor and breast cancer 190-1 normal breast 160 and breast development 151, 164-5 oestrogens secretion and nutritional status 266-8, and breast cancer 184-6 273-5 and breast growth 161-2 see also decidual prolactin and gynaecomastia 156-7 proliferin 115-18 levels prepuberty 152-3 protein metabolism 260-3 oncogenes, and breast cancer 194-5 puberty oophorectomy, and breast cancer 178 and nutrition 242-5 os penis 75 in humans 244 ovary in males 247-8 development 14-18 and body weight 251-2 effects of metabolic hormones 283-7 and body composition 251-2 see also corpus luteum see also menarche ovulation, and underfeeding 245-7 pyruvate oxytocin, in luteal cells 206-7, 219-21 transport in embryo 54-5 metabolism, in embryo 53-4, 58 parity, and breast cancer 178 parthenogenesis 2 penis rat breast cancer 181-2 blood supply 74 placental hormones 113-24 erection 73-95 nutrition and reproduction 240-88 innervation 75-7, 82-6 reproduction, energy requirements 241-2 species differences 75-6 retractor penis muscle 75 see also erection PG2a and luteal steroidogenesis 215-17 stimulation by oxytocin 219-21 salt balance, and decidual prolactin 112-13 phytoestrogens 242, 246 SDM antigen 10-11 placenta, rodent 116-19 seasonal aneostrus 246 placental GH, human Sertoli cell, production of Miillerian biological activity 109-12 inhibitor 11-17, 23 molecular biology 100-2 sex determination 1-33 and prolactin family 97-148 insects 3-5 receptors 100, 111 reptiles 5 secretion 1046 in germ cells 12-14 placental growth hormone, rodent 113-24 mammals 1-33 placental lactogen nematodes 3-5 and breast development 164-5 sex hormone-binding globulin 154-5 placental lactogen, rodent 113-24 and breast cancer 184-6 molecular biology 114-15 sex-reversed mice 6-26 secretion 116-22 sex-reversed females 18-20 biological activity 122-4 sexual differentiation placental lactogen, ruminant 124-33 breast 152 molecular biology 125-6 gonadal 14-18 secretion 126-9 liver 152 biological activity 129-32 sheep placental prolactin nutrition and reproduction 240-88 rodent 113-24 placental hormones 125-33 rominant 124-33 steroidogenesis, in luteal cell 210-26 polster 81-88 Sxr 8-26 316 Index Tanner stages of breast development 153 vasopressin, in luteal cells 206-7 Tdy 7-26 TDF 21-6 water balance, and decidual prolactin 112-13 testis witches milk 151 development 14-18 wood lemming 17-18 undernutrition and function 247-8 testosterone, and gynaecomastia 156-7 Tetrahymena 1 X-chromosome thyroid hormones sex determination 1-33 and nutritional status 268-9 inactivation 13-14 effects on gonad 286 Turner’s syndrome 161-2 two-cell block 59 Y-chromosome sex determination 1-33 expression 11 underfeeding, see nutrition mapping 6-10, 20-6 van Ebner’s pad 81 ZFY 8, 22-6 vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) 82-6