Table Of Content

Ophthalmology Ophthalmology LEAD EDITORS FIFTH EDITION Myron Yanoff, MD Jay S. Duker, MD Chair Emeritus, Ophthalmology Director Professor of Ophthalmology & Pathology New England Eye Center Departments of Ophthalmology & Pathology Professor and Chairman College of Medicine Department of Ophthalmology Drexel University Tufts Medical Center Philadelphia, PA, USA Tufts University School of Medicine Boston, MA, USA SECTION EDITORS James J. Augsburger, MD Michael H. Goldstein, MD, MBA Alfredo A. Sadun, MD, PhD Professor and Chairman Co-Director, Cornea and External Diseases Flora Thornton Chair, Doheny Department of Ophthalmology Service Professor of Ophthalmology University of Cincinnati College of Medicine New England Eye Center Vice-Chair of Ophthalmology, UCLA Cincinnati, OH, USA Tufts Medical Center Los Angeles, CA, USA Boston, MA, USA Dimitri T. Azar, MD, MBA Joel S. Schuman, MD Senior Director, Google Verily Life Sciences Narsing A. Rao, MD Professor and Chairman of Ophthalmology Distinguished University Professor and B.A. Professor of Ophthalmology and Pathology Director, NYU Eye Center Field Chair of Ophthalmic Research USC Roski Eye Institute Professor of Neuroscience and Physiology Professor of Ophthalmology, Pharmacology, and Department of Ophthalmology Neuroscience Institute Bioengineering University of Southern California NYU School of Medicine University of Illinois at Chicago Los Angeles, CA, USA Professor of Electrical and Computer Chicago, IL, USA Engineering Shira L. Robbins, MD NYU Tandon School of Engineering Sophie J. Bakri, MD Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology Professor of Neural Science Professor of Ophthalmology Ratner Children’s Eye Center at the Shiley Eye Center for Neural Science, NYU Vitreoretinal Diseases & Surgery Institute New York, NY, USA Mayo Clinic University of California San Diego Rochester, MN, USA La Jolla, CA, USA Janey L. Wiggs, MD, PhD Paul Austin Chandler Professor of Scott E. Brodie, MD, PhD Emanuel S. Rosen, MD, FRCS, Ophthalmology Professor of Ophthalmology FRCOphth Harvard Medical School NYU School of Medicine Private Practice Boston, MA, USA New York, NY, USA Case Reports Editor for Journal of Cataract & Jonathan J. Dutton, MD, PhD Refractive Surgery Professor Emeritus Manchester, UK Department of Ophthalmology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC, USA For additional online content visit ExpertConsult.com Edinburgh London New York Oxford Philadelphia St Louis Sydney 2019 © 2019, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. First edition 1999 Second edition 2004 Third edition 2009 Fourth edition 2014 No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/ permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Chapter 4.29: “Endothelial Keratoplasty: Targeted Treatment for Corneal Endothelial Dysfunction” by Marianne O. Price, Francis W. Price, Jr. Marianne O. Price and Francis W. Price, Jr. retain copyright of the video accompanying this chapter. Chapter 6.5: “Contact B-Scan Ultrasonography” by Yale L. Fisher, Dov B. Sebrow Yale L. Fisher retains copyright of the video accompanying this chapter. The remainder of this lecture as well as additional lectures on ophthalmology can be found at www.OphthalmicEdge.org. Chapter 7.2: “Mechanisms of Uveitis” by Igal Gery, Chi-Chao Chan This chapter is in the Public Domain. Chapter 7.23: “Masquerade Syndromes: Neoplasms” by Nirali Bhatt, Chi-Chao Chan, H. Nida Sen This chapter is in the Public Domain. Chapter 11.8: “Torsional Strabismus” by Scott K. McClatchey, Linda R. Dagi This chapter is in the Public Domain. Chapter 12.16: “Aesthetic Fillers and Botulinum Toxin for Wrinkle Reduction” by Jean Carruthers, Alastair Carruthers Jean Carruthers retains copyright of Figures 12.16.1 & 12.16.6. Notices Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds or experiments described herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. To the fullest extent of the law, no responsibility is assumed by Elsevier, authors, editors or contributors for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. ISBN: 978-0-323-52819-1 E-ISBN: 978-0-323-52821-4 ISBN: 978-0-323-52820-7 Content Strategist: Russell Gabbedy Content Development Specialist: Sharon Nash Content Coordinator: Joshua Mearns Project Manager: Joanna Souch Design: Brian Salisbury Illustration Manager: Karen Giacomucci Illustrator: Richard Tibbitts Marketing Manager: Claire McKenzie Printed in China Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 User Guide U s e r G u id e COLOR CODING Ophthalmology is organized into 12 parts, which are color-coded as follows for quick and easy reference: Part 1: Genetics Part 2: Optics and Refraction Part 3: Refractive Surgery Part 4: Cornea and Ocular Surface Diseases Part 5: The Lens Part 6: Retina and Vitreous Part 7: Uveitis and Other Intraocular Inflammations Part 8: Intraocular Tumors Part 9: Neuro-Ophthalmology Part 10: Glaucoma Part 11: Pediatric and Adult Strabismus Part 12: Orbit and Oculoplastics EXPERTCONSULT WEBSITE n Full searchable text and downloadable image gallery n Full reference lists for each chapter n Additional online content including text, figures, & video clips v Video Contents V Video available at id ExpertConsult.com e o C o n t e n t s Part 3: Refractive Surgery Chapter 6.25 Coats’ Disease and Retinal Telangiectasia Chapter 3.4 LASIK 6.25.1 Pars Plana Vitrectomy and Subretinal Fluid and Exudate Drainage Performed for a Severe Exudative Retinal Detachment 3.4.1 iLASIK Chapter 6.32 Macular Hole Chapter 3.5 Small Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE) 6.32.1 Macular Hole Surgery 3.5.1 SMILE Instructional Video Chapter 6.33 Epiretinal Membrane Chapter 3.7 Phakic Intraocular Lenses 6.33.1 Epiretinal Membrane Removal 3.7.1 Cachet Lens 3.7.2 Artisan/Verisyse Lens Implantation for Hyperopia After Radial Keratotomy Chapter 6.34 Vitreomacular Traction 3.7.3 Toric Artiflex Phakic Intraocular Lens in a Patient With High Myopia and 6.34.1 Vitreomacular Traction Syndrome Astigmatism After Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty 3.7.4 Toric Artiflex Lens Implantation in a Patient With a Previous Intracorneal Chapter 6.39 Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Ring for Keratoconus 6.39.1 Internal Limiting Membrane (ILM) Peeling for Primary Rhegmatogenous 3.7.5 ICL Implantation Repair to Reduce Postoperative Macular Pucker 3.7.6 ICL Exchange Chapter 6.41 Choroidal Hemorrhage Part 4: Cornea and Ocular Surface Diseases 6.41.1 Transconjunctival Trocar/Cannula Drainage of Suprachoroidal Fluid Chapter 4.17 Noninfectious Keratitis Chapter 6.43 Posterior Segment Ocular Trauma 4.17.1 Patient With Lax Eyelids Recommended for Sleep Study 6.43.1 Intraocular Foreign Body Removal Chapter 4.29 Endothelial Keratoplasty: Targeted Treatment for Corneal 6.43.2 Intraocular Foreign Body Removal With Rare Earth Magnet Endothelial Dysfunction Part 9: Neuro-Ophthalmology 4.29.1 DSEK Pull-Through 4.29.2 DMEK Donor Preparation Chapter 9.19 Nystagmus, Saccadic Intrusions, and Oscillations 4.29.3 Descemet’s Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty (DMEK) 9.19.1 Congenital Nystagmus Part 5: The Lens 9.19.2 Oculocutaneous Albinism With Associated Nystagmus 9.19.3 Latent Nystagmus Chapter 5.8 Anesthesia for Cataract Surgery 9.19.4 Spasmus Nutans 9.19.5 Right Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia 5.8.1 Standard Technique for Sub-Tenon’s Anesthesia 9.19.6 Convergence Retraction Nystagmus in Parinaud’s Syndrome 5.8.2 “Incisionless” Technique for Sub-Tenon’s Anesthesia Part 10: Glaucoma Chapter 5.9 Phacoemulsification 5.9.1 Two Examples of “Sculpting” Using Low Flow and Vacuum but Higher Chapter 10.7 Optic Nerve Analysis Power/Amplitude 10.7.1 Three-Dimensional Imaging of the Optic Nerve Head 5.9.2 Two Examples of Using Higher Flow and Vacuum for Nucleus Fragment Removal Chapter 10.28 Minimally Invasive and Microincisional Glaucoma Surgeries Chapter 5.11 Small Incision and Femtosecond Laser-Assisted 10.28.1 iStent G1 Implantation Cataract Surgery 10.28.2 Key Steps in Trabectome Surgery 5.11.1 Unexpected Subluxation Chapter 10.29 Trabeculectomy 5.11.2 Microincision Phaco 10.29.1 Bleb Leak Detection Using Concentrated Fluorescein Dye 5.11.3 Microincision Refractive Lens Exchange 10.29.2 Trabeculectomy With Mitomycin C 5.11.4 700µ Phaco 10.29.3 5-Fluorouracil Subconjunctival Injection Chapter 5.13 Combined Procedures Chapter 10.32 Complications of Glaucoma Surgery and Their Management 5.13.1 Combined Phacoemulsification Cataract Surgery and Descemet’s Stripping 10.32.1 Small Pupil Cataract Surgery With Use of Pupil Expansion Ring (I-Ring; Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty (DSAEK) Beaver Visitec, Waltham, MA) and Trypan Blue Capsular Staining 5.13.2 Combined Phacovitrectomy 10.32.2 Repair of Bleb Leak Chapter 5.16 Complications of Cataract Surgery Part 11: Pediatric and Adult Strabismus 5.16.1 Artisan Implantation Chapter 11.3 Examination of Ocular Alignment and Eye Movements Part 6: Retina and Vitreous 11.3.1 Strabismus Exam Elements Chapter 6.3 Retinal and Choroidal Circulation 11.3.2 Cover/Uncover Test 11.3.3 Exotropia 6.3.1 Fluorescein and Indocyanine Green (ICG) Video Angiogram 11.3.4 Esotropia Chapter 6.5 Contact B-Scan Ultrasonography 11.3.5 Hypertropia 11.3.6 Prism Alternate Cover Test 6.5.1 Examination Techniques for Contact B-Scan Ultrasonography 11.3.7 Simultaneous Prism Cover Test Chapter 6.11 Scleral Buckling Surgery 11.3.8 Exophoria 11.3.9 Alternate or Cross Cover Test 6.11.1 Scleral Buckle 6.11.2 Suture Total running time approximately 2 hours and 34 minutes 6.11.3 Drain Chapter 6.12 Vitrectomy 6.12.1 Vitrectomy for Nonclearing Vitreous Hemorrhage vi Preface P r e f a c e It’s been 20 years since the first edition of Ophthalmology was published. Ophthalmology was never intended to be encyclopedic, but with each We are delighted that our textbook now has gone to a fifth edition. The lon- edition we strived to make it quite comprehensive, readable, and easy to gevity of this title reflects the uniqueness and utility of its format; the hard access. Like the fourth edition, this edition is thoroughly revised, with new work of our authors, editors, and publishers; and the pressing need in our section editors and many new authors. Chapters have been rewritten and field for updated, clinically relevant information. We continue to recognize restricted to reflect the new way diseases are diagnosed, categorized, and the advantage of a complete textbook of ophthalmology in a single volume treated. We have discarded out-of-date material and have added numerous rather than multiple volumes. The basic visual science is admixed with new items. Extra references and other material have been moved online to clinical information throughout, and we have maintained an entire sepa- keep the book itself as one volume. rate section dedicated to genetics and the eye. xii Preface to First Edition P r e f a c e t o F ir s t E d it io Over the past 30 years, enormous technologic advances have occurred in To achieve the same continuity of presentation in the figures as well n many different areas of medicine—lasers, molecular genetics, and immu- as in the text, all of the artworks have been redesigned from the authors’ nology to name a few. This progress has fueled similar advances in almost originals, maximizing their accessibility for the reader. Each section is every aspect of ophthalmic practice. The assimilation and integration of color coded for easy cross-referencing and navigation through the book. so much new information makes narrower and more focused ophthalmic Despite the extensive use of color in artworks and photographs through- practices a necessity. As a direct consequence, many subspecialty textbooks out, the cost of this comprehensive book has been kept to a fraction of the with extremely narrow focus are now available, covering every aspect of multivolume sets. We hope to make this volume more accessible to more ophthalmic practice. Concurrently, several excellent multivolume textbooks practitioners throughout the world. detailing all aspects of ophthalmic practice have been developed. Yet there Although comprehensive, Ophthalmology is not intended to be encyclo- remains a need for a complete single-volume textbook of ophthalmology pedic. In particular, in dealing with surgery, we do not stress specific tech- for trainees, nonophthalmologists, and those general ophthalmologists niques or describe rarer ones in meticulous detail. The rapidly changing (and perhaps specialists) who need an update in specific areas in which nature of surgical aspects of ophthalmic practice is such that the reader they do not have expertise. Ophthalmology was created to fill this void will need to refer to one or more of the plethora of excellent books that between the multivolume and narrow subspecialty book. cover specific current techniques in depth. We concentrate instead on This book is an entirely new, comprehensive, clinically relevant, sin- the areas that are less volatile but, nevertheless, vital surgical indications, gle-volume textbook of ophthalmology, with a new approach to content and general principles of surgical technique, and complications. The approach presentation that allows the reader to access key information quickly. Our to referencing is parallel to this: For every topic, all the key references are approach, from the outset, has been to use templates to maintain a uniform listed, but with the aim of avoiding pages of redundant references where a chapter structure throughout the book so that the material is presented in smaller number of recent classic reviews will suffice. The overall emphasis a logical, consistent manner, without repetition. The majority of chapters of Ophthalmology is current information that is relevant to clinical practice in the book follow one of three templates: the disease-oriented template, superimposed on the broad framework that comprises ophthalmology as the surgical procedure template, or the diagnostic testing template. Metic- a subspecialty. ulous planning went into the content, sectioning, and chapter organization Essential to the realization of this ambitious project is the ream of of the book, with the aim of presenting ophthalmology as it is practiced, Section Editors, each bringing unique insight and expertise to the book. rather than as a collection of artificially divided aspects. Thus, pediatric They have coordinated their efforts in shaping the contents list, finding ophthalmology is not in a separate section but is integrated into relevant contributors, and editing chapters to produce a book that we hope will sections across the book. The basic visual science and clinical information, make a great contribution to ophthalmology. including systemic manifestations, is integrated throughout, with only two We are grateful to the editors and authors who have contributed to exceptions. We dedicated an entire section to genetics and the eye, in rec- Ophthalmology and to the superb, dedicated team at Mosby. ognition of the increasing importance of genetics in ophthalmology. Optics Myron Yanoff and refraction are included in a single section as well because an under- Jay S. Duker standing of these subjects is fundamental to all of ophthalmology. July 1998 xiii List of Contributors L is t o f C o n t r ib u t o r s The editor(s) would like to acknowledge and offer grateful thanks for the input of all previous editions’ contributors, without whom this new edition would not have been possible. Erika C. Acera, OC(C) Ferhina S. Ali, MD, MPH Steve A. Arshinoff, MD, FRCSC Nicole Balducci, MD Clinical Orthoptist Vitreoretinal Surgery Fellow Associate Professor Consultant Department of Ophthalmology Wills Eye Hospital University of Toronto Ophthalmology Division Anne F. and Abraham Ratner Retina Service Department of Ophthalmology and Studio Oculistico d’Azeglio Children’s Eye Center Mid Atlantic Retina Visual Sciences Bologna, Italy Shiley Eye Institute Philadelphia, PA, USA Toronto, ON, Canada Piero Barboni, MD University of California San Diego Jorge L. Alió, MD, PhD Penny A. Asbell, MD, FACS, FARVO Consultant La Jolla, CA, USA Professor of Ophthalmology Professor of Ophthalmology Neuro-Ophthalmology Natalie A. Afshari, MD Miguel Hernandez University, Vissum Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Scientific Institute San Raffaele Stuart I. Brown MD Chair in Alicante, Spain Sinai Milan, Italy Ophthalmology in Memory of New York, NY, USA Studio Oculistico d’Azeglio Norma Allemann, MD Donald P. Shiley Bologna, Italy Adjunct Professor Kerry K. Assil, MD Professor of Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology and Corneal, Cataract and Refractive Cullen J. Barnett, COT, CRA, OCT-C, Chief of Cornea and Refractive Surgery Visual Sciences Surgeon CDOS Vice Chair of Education University of Illinois at Chicago Medical Director Clinical Supervisor of Ophthalmology Shiley Eye Institute Chicago, IL, USA The Assil Eye Institute Roski Eye Institute University of California San Diego Adjunct Professor Beverly Hills, CA, USA Keck Medicine USC La Jolla, CA, USA Department of Ophthalmology and Los Angeles, CA, USA Neal H. Atebara, MD, FACS Anita Agarwal, MD Visual Sciences Associate Professor Soumyava Basu, MS Adjoint Professor of Ophthalmology Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM) Department of Surgery Head of Uveitis Services Vanderbilt Eye Institute Universidade Federal de São Paulo University of Hawaii LVPEI Network West Coast Retina (UNIFESP) John A. Burns School of Medicine L V Prasad Eye Institute Vanderbilt University Medical Center São Paulo, SP, Brazil Honolulu, HI, USA Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India San Francisco, CA, USA David Allen, BSc, MB, BS, FRCS, James J. Augsburger, MD Priti Batta, MD Joshua S. Agranat, MD FRCOphth Professor of Ophthalmology Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology Resident Physician Consultant Ophthalmologist (Cataract) Dr. E. Vernon & Eloise C. Smith Chair Director of Medical Student Education Department of Ophthalmology Cataract Treatment Centre of Ophthalmology New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Massachusetts Eye and Ear Sunderland Eye Infirmary College of Medicine, University of Mount Sinai Harvard Medical School Sunderland, Tyne & Wear, UK Cincinnati New York, NY, USA Boston, MA, USA Keith G. Allman, MBChB, MD, FRCA Founding Director, Ocular Oncology & Caroline R. Baumal, MD, FRCSC Radwan S. Ajlan, MBBCh, FRCS(C), Consultant Anaesthetist Diagnostic Ultrasonography Service, Associate Professor of Ophthalmology FICO, DABO West of England Eye Unit University of Cincinnati Medical Director ROP Service Assistant Professor Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Trust Center Vitreoretinal Surgery Retina and Vitreous Exeter, Devon, UK Attending Surgeon, University of New England Eye Center Department of Ophthalmology Cincinnati Medical Center Nishat P. Alvi, MD Tufts University University of Kansas School of Consulting Surgeon, Cincinnati Medical Director of Ophthalmology School of Medicine Medicine Children’s Hospital Medical Center The Vision Institute of Illinois Boston, MA, USA Kansas City, KS, USA Cincinnati, OH, USA Elgin, IL, USA Srilaxmi Bearelly, MD, MHS Anam Akhlaq, MBBS G. William Aylward, FRCS, FRCOphth, Leonard P.K. Ang, MBBS, MD, FRCS, Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology Postdoctoral Fellow MD MRCOphth, MMed, FAMS Ophthalmology Center for Translational Ocular Consultant Ophthalmologist Associate Professor of Ophthalmology Columbia University Medical Center Immunology London, UK Medical Director, Lang Eye Centre New York, NY, USA Department of Ophthalmology Singapore Dimitri T. Azar, MD, MBA Tufts Medical Center Jesse L. Berry, MD Senior Director, Google Verily Life Boston, MA, USA David J. Apple, MD† Associate Director, Ocular Oncology Sciences Formerly Professor of Ophthalmology Service Thomas A. Albini, MD Distinguished University Professor and Pathology Associate Residency Program Director Associate Professor of Ophthalmology and B.A. Field Chair of Ophthalmic Director, Laboratories for Ophthalmic for Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology Research Devices Research USC Roski Eye Institute Bascom Palmer Eye Institute Professor of Ophthalmology, John A. Moran Eye Center Keck School of Medicine, University of University of Miami Pharmacology, and Bioengineering University of Utah Southern California Miami, FL, USA University of Illinois at Chicago Illinois Salt Lake City, UT, USA Attending Surgeon, Children’s Hospital College of Medicine Ahmed Al-Ghoul, MD, MBA, FRCSC, of Los Angeles Maria Cecilia D. Aquino, MD, MMED, Chicago, IL, USA DipABO Los Angeles, CA, USA (Ophthalmology) Clinical Lecturer Sophie J. Bakri, MD Resident Physician II Angela P. Bessette, MD Division of Ophthalmology Professor of Ophthalmology Ophthalmology/Glaucoma Assistant Professor Department of Surgery Vitreoretinal Diseases & Surgery National University Hospital Department of Ophthalmology University of Calgary Mayo Clinic National University Health System Flaum Eye Institute Calgary, AB, Canada Rochester, MN, USA Singapore University of Rochester Laura J. Balcer, MD, MSCE Rochester, NY, USA Anthony C. Arnold, MD Professor of Neurology Professor and Chief Vice-Chair, Neurology Neuro-Ophthalmology Division New York University xiv UCLA Stein Eye Institute School of Medicine Los Angeles, CA, USA †Deceased New York, NY, USA Nirali Bhatt, MD Igor I. Bussel, MS, MHA Chi-Chao Chan, MD Abbot (Abe) Clark, PhD, FARVO Assistant Professor Doris Duke Clinical Research Fellow Scientist Emeritus Regents Professor of Pharmacology L Department of Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology Laboratory of Immunology and Neuroscience is University of Pennsylvania University of Pittsburgh School of National Eye Institute Executive Director, North Texas Eye t o Perelman School of Medicine Medicine National Institutes of Health Research Institute f Philadelphia, PA, USA Pittsburgh, PA, USA Bethesda, MD, USA University of North Texas Health C o Orry C. Birdsong, MD Louis B. Cantor, MD Visiting Professor Science Center n Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center Fort Worth, TX, USA t Clinical Fellow Jay C. and Lucile L. Kahn Professor Sun Yat-Sen University rib Ophthalmology and Chair China Jonathan C.K. Clarke, MD, FRCOphth u Hoopes Vision Department of Ophthalmology Consultant Ophthalmologist t o Draper, UT, USA Indiana University Melinda Y. Chang, MD NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research r s School of Medicine Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology Centre Jyotirmay Biswas, MS, FMRF, FNAMS, Indianapolis, IN, USA USC Roski Eye Institute and Children’s Moorfields Eye Hospital FIC, Path, FAICO Hospital Los Angeles UCL Institute of Ophthalmology Director Hilda Capó, MD Keck School of Medicine of the London, UK Uveitis and Ocular Pathology Professor of Clinical Ophthalmology University of Southern California Department Bascom Palmer Eye Institute François Codère, MD Los Angeles, CA, USA Sankara Nethralaya Division Chief Pediatric Associate Professor Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Ophthalmology and Adult Stanley Chang, MD Ophthalmology/Oculoplastic and Strabismus KK Tse and KT Ying Professor of Orbital Surgery Section Bahram Bodaghi, MD, PhD, FEBOphth Miller School of Medicine Ophthalmology Université de Montréal Professor of Ophthalmology John T. Flynn Professor of Department of Ophthalmology Montréal, QC, Canada DHU ViewRestore Ophthalmology Chair Columbia University APHP, UPMC, Sorbonne University Ian P. Conner, MD, PhD University of Miami New York, NY, USA Paris, France Assistant Professor Miami, FL, USA Victoria S. Chang, MD Ophthalmology Swaraj Bose, MD Antonio Capone, Jr., MD Assistant Professor of Clinical UPMC Eye Center Associate Professor of Ophthalmology Professor Ophthalmology Pittsburgh, PA, USA UCI and Attending Physician Department of Ophthalmology Ophthalmology, Cornea and External Cedars Sinai Medical Center Peter Coombs, MD Oakland University Disease Los Angeles, CA, USA Vitreoretinal Physician and Surgeon William Beaumont Hospital Bascom Palmer Eye Institute Utah Eye Centers Charles S. Bouchard, MD, MA School of Medicine University of Miami Salt Lake City, UT, USA Professor and Chairman of Auburn HIlls, MI, USA Naples, FL, USA Ophthalmology Zélia M. Corrêa, MD, PhD Alastair Carruthers, MA, BM, BCh, David G. Charteris, MD, FRCS(Ed), Loyola University Health System Tom Clancy Endowed Professor of FRCP(Lon), FRCPC FRCOphth Maywood, IL, USA Ophthalmology Clinical Professor Professor Head of Ocular Oncology and Michael E. Boulton, PhD Department of Dermatology and Skin Vitreoretinal Unit Echography Susan and Dowd Ritter/RPB Endowed Science Moorfields Eye Hospital Retina Service, Wilmer Eye Institute Chair of Ophthalmology University of British Columbia London, UK Johns Hopkins University School of University of Alabama Birmingham Vancouver, BC, Canada Soon-Phaik Chee, MD Medicine Birmingham, AL, USA Jean Carruthers, MD, FRCSC, Professor Baltimore, MD, USA James D. Brandt, MD FRC(OPHTH) Cataract Service, Ocular Inflammation Steven M. Couch, MD, FACS Professor Clinical Professor & Immunology Service Assistant Professor Department of Ophthalmology & Department of Ophthalmology Singapore National Eye Centre Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science University of British Columbia Singapore Visual Sciences Vice-Chair for International Programs Fellow John J. Chen, MD, PhD Washington University in St Louis and New Techology American Society for Ophthalmic Assistant Professor St Louis, MO, USA Director - Glaucoma Service Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department of Ophthalmology and University of California Davis Vancouver, BC, Canada Stuart G. Coupland, PhD Neurology Sacramento, CA, USA Associate Professor Keith D. Carter, MD, FACS Mayo Clinic Department of Ophthalmology Scott E. Brodie, MD, PhD Lillian C. O’Brien and Dr. C.S. O’Brien Rochester, MN, USA University of Ottawa Professor of Ophthalmology Chair in Ophthalmology Xuejing Chen, MD, MS Ottawa, ON, Canada NYU School of Medicine Professor and Chair Clinical Fellow New York, NY, USA Department of Ophthalmology & Claude L. Cowan, Jr., MD, MPH Retina Visual Sciences Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology Michael C. Brodsky, MD Carver College of Medicine Ophthalmic Consultants of Boston Georgetown University Medical Center Professor of Ophthalmology and University of Iowa New England Eye Center at Tufts Washington, DC, USA Neurology Iowa City, IA, USA Medical Center Staff Physician Knights Templar Research Professor of Boston, MA, USA Surgical Service Ophthalmology Rafael C. Caruso, MD Paul T.K. Chew, MMed, FRCOphth Veterans Affairs Medical Center Mayo Clinic Staff Clinician Director Glaucoma Division Washington, DC, USA Rochester, MN, USA National Eye Institute Ophthalmology/Glaucoma National Institutes of Health E. Randy Craven, MD Cassandra C. Brooks, MD Bethesda, MD, USA National University Hospital Singapore Associate Professor, Glaucoma Resident in Ophthalmology Singapore Johns Hopkins University Duke Eye Center Harinderpal S. Chahal, MD Bing Chiu, MD Baltimore, MD, USA Duke University School of Medicine Oculofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Ophthalmology Resident Durham, NC, USA Surgery Catherine A. Cukras, MD, PhD New York University Eye Medical Center Director, Medical Retina Fellowship Matthew V. Brumm, MD Fresno, CA, USA New York, NY, USA Program Ophthalmologist Clement C. Chow, MD National Eye Institute Cataract and Refractive Surgery Wallace Chamon, MD Partner Physician National Institutes of Health Brumm Eye Center Adjunct Professor Retinal Diagnostic Center Bethesda, MD, USA Omaha, NE, USA Department of Ophthalmology and Campbell, CA, USA Visual Sciences Linda R. Dagi, MD Donald L. Budenz, MD, MPH University of Illinois at Chicago Mortimer M. Civan, MD Director of Adult Strabismus Kittner Family Distinguished Professor Chicago, IL, USA Professor of Physiology and Professor Boston Children’s Hospital and Chairman Adjunct Professor of Medicine Associate Professor of Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Physiology Director of Quality Assurance University of North Carolina at Chapel Visual Sciences University of Pennsylvania Department of Ophthalmology Hill Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM) Perelman School of Medicine Children’s Hospital Ophthalmology Chapel Hill, NC, USA Universidade Federal de São Paulo Philadelphia, PA, USA Foundation Chair (UNIFESP) Harvard Medical School xv São Paulo, SP, Brazil Boston, MA, USA