Observing the Oceans in Real Time

322 Pages·2018·14.17 MB·English

by  R. Venkatesan

Springer Oceanography
R. Venkatesan
Amit Tandon
Eric D’Asaro
M.A. Atmanand Editors
Observing
the Oceans
in Real Time
Springer Oceanography
The Springer Oceanography series seeks to publish a broad portfolio of scientific
books, aiming at researchers, students, and everyone interested in marine sciences.
The series includes peer-reviewed monographs, edited volumes, textbooks, and
conference proceedings. It covers the entire area of oceanography including, but not
limited to, Coastal Sciences, Biological/Chemical/Geological/Physical Oceanography,
Paleoceanography, and related subjects.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10175
R. Venkatesan • Amit Tandon
Eric D’Asaro • M.A. Atmanand
Editors
Observing the Oceans
in Real Time
Editors
R. Venkatesan Amit Tandon
Scientist G - Head Ocean Observation Department of Mechanical Engineering
Systems Group University of Massachusetts Dartmouth
National Institute of Ocean Technology Dartmouth, MA, USA
Ministry of Earth Sciences
Chennai, TN, India M.A. Atmanand
Former Director
Eric D’Asaro National Institute of Ocean Technology
Physics Laboratory and School Ministry of Earth Sciences
of Oceanography Chennai, TN, India
University of Washington
Seattle, WA, USA
ISSN 2365-7677 ISSN 2365-7685 (electronic)
Springer Oceanography
ISBN 978-3-319-66492-7 ISBN 978-3-319-66493-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-66493-4
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017955548
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Foreword
We no longer observe the ocean only from ship-based campaigns or with occasional
glances from complex moorings in single locations. Modern observations are real-
time, autonomous, distributed, and often networked. Dr. R. Venkatesan has col-
lected chapters on the most recent methods of observations that combine these
capabilities. These systems (gliders, floats, real-time reporting moorings, and net-
worked radar and sea level systems) harness the latest in real-time distribution,
onboard processing, satellite communications, and data networking. They are pro-
viding oceanographers with more information and more resolution of the time and
spatial scales of critical processes in the ocean. The chapters give a basic overview
of this new observational technology coupled with useful examples of their applica-
tions in the global ocean.
This book is particularly valuable for new oceanographers and resource manag-
ers. It will provide a basic understanding of the selection of sensors and systems that
make observing systems possible and that provide enhancements to traditional ship-
centric observing campaigns. Dr. R. Venkatesan has provided an international view
of the establishment of several observing systems and uses these examples to dem-
onstrate the affordability and utility of cutting-edge technology for nations with
differing priorities. Observing in real-time will transform our understanding and
management of our ocean.
Mark R. Abbott
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
Theresa Paluszkiewicz
Office of Naval Research
Physical Oceanography Program
Arlington, VA, USA
v
Preface
Advances in oceanography over the last few decades have been remarkable.
Improved understanding of physical, biological, and chemical processes and
improved numerical methods coupled to vastly faster computers and networks now
place realistic maps of current ocean properties on the screens of anyone with a
good web connection and allow plausible forecasts of future ocean conditions. But
behind these numerical oceans are data from the real ocean, without which the mod-
els would uselessly drift away from reality, and behind the data are equally remark-
able advances in ocean observing technologies. From almost entirely ship-based
measurements a few decades ago, the ocean is now measured by a diverse combina-
tion of subsurface, surface, and space-based platforms using a diverse set of special-
ized oceanographic sensors. These are deployed operationally and globally to
support the system of oceanographic models, regionally to address national and
local resource issues, and in specialized arrays by researchers working to develop
the next generation of scientific insights and the next generation of measurement
platforms and sensors. We conceived this book to present the current state of these
technologies, to guide those making ocean measurements, and to inspire those who
will drive future technological advances.
The ocean transcends national boundaries and the study of the ocean has accord-
ingly always been international. This is further emphasized by operational ocean
modeling and prediction; accurate predictions even at the regional and local level
can require knowledge of ocean properties well beyond national boundaries. Given
the key role of technologies in ocean measurement, the most productive measure-
ment programs are necessarily both international in scope and work to spread mea-
surement technologies between international partners. This book was developed as
part of collaborations between oceanographers based at institutions in India and in
the United States to study monsoon air-sea interactions. Our collaborations high-
lighted the crucial role of modern measurement methods in developing new under-
standings of these processes and the importance of developing and maintaining the
technological knowledge and skills necessary to make such measurements. We thus
aimed this book at those who want to understand the fundamental measurement
principles, the engineering approaches to implement these principles, and the
vii
viii Preface
techniques and strategies used to implement the measurements in the challenging
ocean environment. Therefore, the final-year undergraduate students in ocean engi-
neering, as well as other engineering students (mechanical, civil, electrical, and
bioengineering) interested in specializing their skills toward modern ocean mea-
surements, will find this book very helpful.
After introducing the state of the art in ocean measurements (Chap. 1), this book
covers specialized in situ surface observations (Chaps. 2, 3, and 4) and subsurface
observations (Chaps. 5, 6, 7, and 8), followed by remotely sensed observations
(Chaps. 9, 10, and 11); data handling, optimization, and quality for meteorological
and oceanographic applications (Chaps. 12, 13, and 14); and the societal applica-
tions (Chap. 15) by renowned experts in each of these topics.
This book is a result of OMM-ASIRI collaboration supported by the Indian
Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) and the United States Office of Naval Research
(ONR). Dr. Rajeevan, Dr. Shailesh Nayak, and Dr. Satheesh C. Shenoi are thanked
for their constant motivation and support. We thank all the reviewers who contrib-
uted valuable comments to improve each chapter: Ken Jarrott, Dr. Ramesh Kumar,
Dr. (Late) Vembu, Dr. Gopala Krishna, Dr. Biswajith Chakaraborthy, K. Ramesh,
Dr. Latha, Dr. Jossia Joseph, Dr. Stephen Hall, N. Vedachalam, and Dr. Emily
Shroyer. We are also grateful to organizations World Meteorological Organisation
(WMO), Sea Bird Electronics for their inputs. K N Navaneeth is thanked for his
contribution in compiling the chapters.
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India R. Venkatesan
Dartmouth, MA, USA Amit Tandon
Seattle, WA, USA Eric D’Asaro
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India M.A. Atmanand
Contents
Part I Introduction
Recent Trends in Ocean Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
R. Venkatesan, Amit Tandon, Debasis Sengupta,
and K.N. Navaneeth
Part II Surface Observations
Observing Surface Meteorology and Air-Sea Fluxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Robert A. Weller
Drifter Technology and Impacts for Sea Surface Temperature,
Sea-Level Pressure, and Ocean Circulation Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Luca R. Centurioni
Origin, Transformation and Measurement of Waves in Ocean . . . . . . . . . 59
P. Chandramohan, M.V. Ramanamurthy, K. Jossia Joseph, Satya Kiran
Raju Alluri, D. Shyamala Varthini, and K.N. Navaneeth
Part III Subsurface Observations
Oceanographic Floats: Principles of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Eric D’Asaro
Measuring Ocean Turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Emily L. Shroyer, Jonathan D. Nash, Amy F. Waterhouse,
and James N. Moum
Underwater Gliders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Craig M. Lee and Daniel L. Rudnick
Advances in In-Situ Ocean Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
David Murphy and Carol Janzen
ix
x Contents
Part IV Remote Sensing
Ocean Remote Sensing: Concept to Realization for Physical
Oceanographic Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Tapan Misra, Rashmi Sharma, Raj Kumar, and Pradip K. Pal
Near Real-Time Underwater Passive Acoustic Monitoring of Natural
and Anthropogenic Sounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Mark F. Baumgartner, Kathleen M. Stafford, and G. Latha
Data Return Aspects of CODAR and WERA High-Frequency Radars
in Mapping Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Yonggang Liu, Clifford R. Merz, Robert H. Weisberg,
Benjamin K. O’Loughlin, and Vembu Subramanian
Part V Data
Sensor Performance and Data Quality Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Sébastien P. Bigorre and Nancy R. Galbraith
Near Real-Time Data Recovery from Oceanographic Moorings . . . . . . . . 263
Richard P. Trask and J. Thomas Farrar
Managing Meteorological and Oceanographic In Situ Data
in the WMO Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Etienne Charpentier
Part VI Societal Applications
Applications of Ocean In-situ Observations and Its Societal
Relevance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
M. Ravichandran and M.S. Girishkumar
Index ......................................................... 315