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North Korea under Kim Jong Il : from consolidation to systemic dissonance PDF

296 Pages·2006·1.673 MB·English
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North Korea under Kim Jong Il From Consolidation to Systemic Dissonance Sung Chull Kim North Korea under Kim Jong Il North Korea under Kim Jong Il From Consolidation to Systemic Dissonance Sung Chull Kim State University of New York Press Published by State University of New York Press, Albany © 2006 State University of New York All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission. No part of this book may be stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means including electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission in writing of the publisher. For information, address State University of New York Press, 194 Washington Avenue, Suite 305, Albany, NY 12210-2384 Production by Diane Ganeles Marketing by Michael Campochiaro Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kim, Sung Chull, 1956– North Korea under Kim Jong Il : from consolidation to systemic dissonance / Sung Chull Kim. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-7914-6927-9 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-7914-6927-1 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Korea (North)—Politics and government. 2. Kim, Cho˘ng-il, 1942– . 3. Korea (North)—Foreign relations. 4. National security—Korea (North). 5. Political leadership—Korea (North). I. Title. JQ1729.5.A58K555 2007 951.9304'3—dc22 2006001295 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Tables and Figures vii Abbreviations ix Note on Romanization xi Preface xiii 1. Introduction: A Conceptual Frame for Systemic Changes 1 Emergence of the Systemic Identity of North Korea 3 Embodiment of the System: Functional Differentiation 10 Systemic Dissonance and Major Conjunctures 13 Requirement for Systemic Viability: Openness 24 Tour of the Book 26 2. Kim Jong Il: The Political Man and His Leadership Character 29 The Shaping of a Political Personality 31 The Political Man’s Road to Succession 41 Active-Negative Leadership Character 45 Implications for Systemic Changes 54 3. The Party’s Strengthening Discipline and Weakening Efficiency 57 Kim Il Sung’s Legacy: From a Mass Party to an Institutionalized Party 59 Kim Jong Il and Organizational Changes 65 Party-Life Criticism as a Disciplinary Instrument 69 The Declining Efficiency of the Party 75 Dual Implications 79 4. Military-First Politics and Changes in Party-Military Relations 81 Power Dynamics and Party-Military Relations 83 Military-First Politics under Kim Jong Il 91 Institutional Differentiation between the Party and the Military 96 Relevance to Kim Jong Il’s Management Style 101 vvii CCoonntteennttss 5. Chuch’e in Transformation 105 Chuch’e and Power Succession 106 Socialism in Historical Development 112 Estrangement from Marxism-Leninism 121 On Capitalism and Opening Up 130 Reflections on Chuch’e: With Special Reference to Systemic Identity 135 6. The Fluctuation of Economic Institutions and the Emergence of Entrepreneurship 137 Institutions of Economic Management: Traditions and Their Dislocation 138 Increased Local Latitude 147 The Emergence of Private Entrepreneurs 150 Informal Transition of Property Rights 157 Implications for Systemic Dissonance 163 7. The Changing Roles of Intellectuals 165 Socialist Transformation and Persecution of Intellectuals 166 Socialist Mobilization and Changes in the Class Status of Intellectuals 174 Kim Jong Il’s Rise and His Mobilization of Intellectuals 178 The Perceived “Internal Enemy” in Times of Decaying Socialism 183 Facilitation of the “Skip-Over Strategy” 186 8. Conclusion: Dilemmas of Opening Up 193 Special Features of Systemic Dissonance 193 Defiance in 2002 199 Appendix 207 Notes 211 Bibliography 251 Index 267 Contents vii Tables and Figures Table 1.1. Trends of Oil Imports and Energy Consumption, 1980–2002 21 Table 1.2. Grain Imports and International Assistance, 1989–98 22 Figure 5.1. Development of Mode of Production: Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il’s Scheme 113 Figure 5.2. Authority Relations in the Sociopolitical Organism 125 Table 6.1. Types of Property Rights Transitions 161 Table 8.1. Degradation of Systemic Identity 195 vii Abbreviations ADB Asian Development Bank CC Central Committee CCP Chinese Communist Party CoCom Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls DPRK Democratic People’s Republic of Korea IMF International Monetary Fund KAPF Korean Artists Proletarian Federation KCB Korean Central Broadcast (of North Korea) KCIA Korea Central Intelligence Agency (of South Korea) KCNA Korea Central News Agency (of North Korea) KEDO Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization KINU Korea Institute for National Unification KPA Korean People’s Army LWR light-water reactor NDC National Defense Commission PRC People’s Republic of China PSM People’s Safety Ministry SCH Safety Commanding Headquarters (in KPA) SPA Supreme People’s Assembly SSA State Security Agency SYL Socialist Youth League WPK Workers’ Party of Korea ix

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