Nonverbal Communication Across Disciplines: Paralanguage, Kinesics, Silence, Personal and Environmental Interaction v.2

477 Pages·2002·1.62 MB·English

by  Fernando Poyatos

Nonverbal
Communication
across Disciplines:
Volume II:
Paralanguage, kinesics,
silence, personal and
environmental
interaction
Fernando Poyatos
John Benjamins Publishing Company
NonverbalCommunicationacrossDisciplines,VolumeII
Paralanguage,kinesics,silence,personalandenvironmentalinteraction

Nonverbal Communication
across Disciplines
Volume II: Paralanguage, kinesics, silence,
personal and environmental interaction
Fernando Poyatos
UniversityofNewBrunswick
JohnBenjaminsPublishingCompany
Amsterdam(cid:1)/(cid:1)Philadelphia
TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American
8
NationalStandardforInformationSciences–PermanenceofPaperforPrintedLibrary
Materials,ansiz39.48-1984.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Poyatos,Fernando
Nonverbalcommunicationacrossdisciplines/FernandoPoyatos.
v. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Contens:v.1.Culture,sensoryinteraction,speech,conversation--v.2.Paralanguage,kinesics,
silence,personalandenvironmentalinteraction--v.3.Narrativeliterature,theater,cinema,
translation.
1.Nonverbalcommunication. 2.Communicationandculture. 3.Oralcommunication.
I.Title.
P99.5.P694 2002
302.2’22--dc21 2001052813
isbn9027221847(set)--isbn9027221812(v.1)--isbn9027221820(v.2)--isbn9027221839(v.3)(Eur.)/
isbn1-55619-756-X(set)--isbn1-55619-753-5(v.1)--isbn1-55619-754-3(v.2)--isbn1-55619-755-1(v.3)(US)
©2002–JohnBenjaminsB.V.
Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyform,byprint,photoprint,microfilm,oranyother
means,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher.
JohnBenjaminsPublishingCo.·P.O.Box36224·1020meAmsterdam·TheNetherlands
JohnBenjaminsNorthAmerica·P.O.Box27519·Philadelphiapa19118-0519·usa
Volume II
IngratefulmemoryofGeorgeA.Trager,
RayL.BirdwhsitellandAlbertE.Scheflen,
forwiththeirpioneeringworkinparalanguage,
kinesicsandinteraction,respectively,they
encouragedmetoalwaysseeknewperspectives

Tableofcontents
Preface xiii
Introduction xv
Chapter1
Paralanguage,I:Primaryqualitiesorbasicpersonalvoicefeatures 1
1.1 Thedevelopmentofparalinguisticstudiesandthedefinitionofparalanguage
anditscategories(cid:3)1
1.2 PrimaryQualities:Personalvoicefeatures(cid:3)2
1.3 Timbre(cid:3)4
1.4 Resonance(cid:3)4
1.5 Loudness(cid:3)5
1.6 Tempo(cid:3)8
1.7 Pitch(cid:3)9
1.8 Intonationrange(cid:3)14
1.9 Syllabicduration(cid:3)16
1.10 Rhythm(cid:3)20
1.11 Thevisualrepresentationofprimaryqualitiesandotherparalinguistic
phenomena(cid:3)20
1.12 Conclusion(cid:3)21
1.13 Topicsforinterdisciplinaryresearch(cid:3)21
Chapter2
Paralanguage,II:Qualifiersorvoicetypes 23
2.1 Introduction(cid:3)23
2.2 Breathingcontrol(cid:3)26
2.3 Laryngealcontrol(cid:3)28
2.4 Esophagealcontrol(cid:3)42
2.5 Pharyngealcontrol(cid:3)43
2.6 Velopharyngealcontrol(cid:3)45
2.7 Lingualcontrol(cid:3)48
viii Tableofcontents
2.8 Dentalcontrol(cid:3)49
2.9 Labialcontrol(cid:3)49
2.10 Mandibularcontrol(cid:3)50
2.11 Articulatorycontrol(cid:3)52
2.12 Articulatorytensioncontrol(cid:3)53
2.13 Objectualcontrol(cid:3)53
2.14 Externalcontrol(cid:3)54
2.15 Conclusion(cid:3)55
2.16 Topicsforinterdisciplinaryresearch(cid:3)55
Chapter3
Paralanguage,III:Differentiators,oureloquentphysiologicaland
emotionalreactions 57
3.1 Differentiatorsasaparalinguisticcategory,andtheirstudy(cid:3)57
3.2 Laughter(cid:3)59
3.3 Crying(cid:3)82
3.4 Shouting(cid:3)96
3.5 Sighingandgasping(cid:3)106
3.6 Panting(cid:3)117
3.7 Yawning(cid:3)118
3.8 Coughingandthroat-clearing(cid:3)120
3.9 Spitting(cid:3)129
3.10 Belching(cid:3)135
3.11 Hiccuping(cid:3)136
3.12 Sneezing(cid:3)137
3.13 Conclusion(cid:3)139
3.14 Topicsforinterdisciplinaryresearch(cid:3)140
Chapter4
Paralanguage,IV:Alternants,ourvocabularybeyondthedictionary 141
4.1 Thenatureandstudyofparalinguisticalternants(cid:3)141
4.2 Identifiedandunidentifiedalternants:Verbalandvisualrepresentation(cid:3)145
4.3 Theinconsistencyofwrittenformsandtheambiguityoflabels(cid:3)151
4.4 Theparalanguageofcomics:Thechallengeofsoundgraphsandthe
communicationproblemsandinterculturalborrowings(cid:3)154
4.5 Thecategoriesofsoundgraphs:Human,objectual,environmental,animal(cid:3)155
4.6 Phoneticclassificationofalternantsandtheirparalinguisticand
kinesicqualifiers(cid:3)159
4.7 Silentalternants(cid:3)164
4.8 Paralinguisticandkinesicqualifiersofalternants(cid:3)166
Tableofcontents ix
4.9 Functionalclassificationofalternantsforthepreparationof
culturalinventories(cid:3)171
4.10 Theparalanguageofanimalcallingasanareaofinterdisciplinaryresearch(cid:3)178
4.11 Thecommunicativestatusofrandomalternants(cid:3)181
4.12 Conclusion(cid:3)182
4.13 Topicsforinterdisciplinaryresearch(cid:3)182
Chapter5
Kinesics:Gestures,mannersandpostures 185
5.1 Definition,nature,perception,functions,scope,andtemporaldimensionof
kinesics(cid:3)185
5.2 Theanatomical-communicativepossibilitiesofbodyarticulations:Fromzoo-
kinesicstoanthropokinesics(cid:3)188
5.3 Onthephylogeneticandontogeneticdevelopmentofkinesicrepertoiresand
theirevolutionandsocialstratification(cid:3)192
5.4 Basicprinciplesforkinesicresearch:Categories,morphology,parakinesic
qualifiersandintrasystemicandintersystemicco-structuration(cid:3)195
5.5 Personalkinesicconfiguration(cid:3)203
5.6 Gestures,I:Phrasing,simultaneity,congruence-incongruence,
inter-masking(cid:3)205
5.7 Gestures,II:Anticipatory,hidden,microkinesics,phonic,objectual(cid:3)208
5.8 Thesmile(cid:3)211
5.9 Manners:Thestyleofourmovementsandpositionsandtheirperceptionand
socialnormscross-culturally(cid:3)213
5.10 Mannersasresearchtopics(cid:3)216
5.11 Postures:Ourstaticanddynamicpositions(cid:3)231
5.12 Gazeaskinesicbehavior(cid:3)236
5.13 Touchingpeopleandthingsaskinesicbehavior(cid:3)244
5.14 Themethodology,limitationsandproblemsofculturalandsubculturalkinesic
inventories(cid:3)246
5.15 Conclusion(cid:3)251
5.16 Topicsforinterdisciplinaryresearch(cid:3)252
Chapter6
Thesoundco-activitiesoflanguage:Fromaudiblekinesics
toenvironmentalsounds 253
6.1 Theneedtostudythesoundsbeyondspeech:Bodilyandenvironmental(cid:3)253
6.2 Audiblekinesicsorphonokinesicswithininteractiveandnoninteractivebody
movements,andtheelaborationofaculturalinventoryforeachlanguage(cid:3)254
6.3 Thesoundofself-adaptors:Hearingourcontactwithourselves(cid:3)262
6.4 Thesoundofalter-adaptors:Hearingthecontactbetweenbodies(cid:3)263