Nomina dubia in the genus Theridion resulting from errors in instalment six of Carl Wilhelm Hahn’s “Monographie der Spinnen” (Araneae: Theridiidae)

2015·4.7 MB·English

by  Nikola-Michael Prpic

5 52
Arachnologische Mitteilungen 50:85-90 Karlsruhe, November201
Nomina dubia in the genus Theridion resulting from errors in instalment six of
Carl Wilhelm Hahn's"Monographie der Spinnen"(Araneae:Theridiidae)
Nikola-Michael Prpic
doi: 10.5431/aramit501
Abstract.An overlooked error in the correlation ofnewscientific nameswith the spiderimageson plate4 in Carl
Wilhelm Hahn's sixth instalmentofhis book"Monographie derSpinnen"led tothe notion thatat leasttwo ofthe
spiders illustrated on plate4cannotbe identified and theirnamesare nomina dubia. Here, drawattentiontothe
I
factthat, ifthe namesare re-aligned tothe images in a meaningful way,then at leastthree spiderson plate4can
beidentified. Theridionrufipessensu Hahn isasynonymofGongylidiumrufipes(Linnaeus, 1758) (syn.conf.).In par-
ticular,thepreviousnomendubium TheridiontibialeHahn, 1831 isaseniorsynonymofLosoeolatristis(Hahn, 1833)
(syn.nov.).Evidenceispresentedthatthejuniorsynonymisinprevailingusageandtheseniorsynonymistherefore
regardedasnomenoblitum.
Keywords:doubtfulspecies,newsynonym,nomenclature,reversalofpriority
Zusammenfassung.NominadubiainderGattung TheridiondurchFehlerinHeft6vonHahn's„Monographie
der Spinnen" (Araneae:Theridiidae). Ein bislang übersehener Fehler in derZuordnung der neu beschriebenen
wissenschaftlichen Artnamenzu den Spinnenabbildungen aufTafel4dessechsten HeftesvonCarlWilhelm Hahn's
„MonographiederSpinnen"führtezuderAuffassung,dasszumindestzweiderSpinnenaufTafel4nichtidentifiziert
werdenkönnen unddieArtnamen Nominadubiasind.IndieserNotizmöchteichdaraufaufmerksammachen,dass
mindestensdreiSpinnenaufTafel4identifiziertwerden können,wenn man dieZuordnungderNamenzu denAb-
bildungeninsinnvollerWeiseneudurchführt.Theridionrufipessensu HahnisteinSynonymvonGongylidiumrufipes
(Linnaeus, 1758)(syn.conf.).InsbesonderedasbisherigeNomendubium TheridiontibialeHahn, 1831 isteinälteres
SynonymvonLasaeolatristis(Hahn, 1833)(syn.nov.). Eswerden BelegeangeführtwonachdasjüngereSynonymin
vorherrschendemGebrauch ist,unddasältereSynonymwirddaheralsnomenoblitumaufgefasst.
The work “Monographie der Spinnen” (i.e. “mono- in Nuremberg, and had already started a new book
graph of spiders”) by Carl Wilhelm Hahn ranks series about spiders titled“DieArachniden”(see also
among the rarest books in zoology Only a handful the detailed reconstruction ofthe history ofHahns
ofcopies are known to existworldwide and most of work by Sacher 1988). Even though Hahn fiercely
them are not complete (Sacher 1988). The workhas opposed the publication of his unfinished material
been published in eight separate instalments called thatwas still in Lechners possession (Hahn 1831b),
“Hefte”,thefirstfiveofwhichhavebeen authoredby he could not prevent Lechner from publishing this
Hahn andpublishedbyHahnhimself(instalments 1 material,thefirstone (Heft6) stillwiththe signature
and 2; Hahn 1820, 1821) and later by the publisher, “DrHahn”,butthelasttwo (Heft 7 and 8) signedby
bookseller and arts dealer Johannes Jakob Lechner Lechnerhimself.ThesoleauthorofHeft6isunequi-
(instalments 3 to 5; Hahn 1822, 1826, 1827). The vocallyHahnhimself(Hahn 1831a),even thoughhe
following instalments, i.e. Heft 6, Heft 7, and Heft did not give his consent for publication. Lechner,
8 were published by Lechner without Hahns con- however, must be regarded as the author ofHeft 7
sent,obviouslyas aresultofaconflictbetween Hahn and 8, but it appears that itwas not his intention to
and his publisher. At the time when Heft 6 ofthe also be identified as the author ofthe species names
“Monographie der Spinnen”appeared,Hahn had al- in these instalments,because he always gives “Hahn”
ready teamed up with a new publisher, C. H. Zeh as the authority. Therefore, I regard Lechner as the
author of the last two instalments (Lechner 1833,
1836),but Hahn as the author ofthe species names
Nikola-MichaelPRPIC,Georg-August-Universität,Johann-Friedrich- within these two instalments. Because Lechner was
BElntuwmiecnkblaucnhg-slbnisotliotguite,füGrZZoMoBloEgrinestu-nCdasApanrtih-rHoapuosl,ogJiues,tuAsb-tveoinl-uLnigebfiürg-Weg not a specialist for spiders, however, he overlooked
11,37077Göttingen,Germany;E-mail:[email protected] several mistakes in Hahns unfinished manuscripts
submitted6.5.2015,accepted11.8.2015,online22.8.201 when he prepared them forpublication.In this note,
86 N.-M.Prpic
I would like to draw attention to a correlation error correlation ofthe name Theridion dorsigerwith Fig.
inthe sixthinstalment (Hahn 1831a) thatresultedin bB2asgivenintheplatelegendappearstobecorrect,
the misidentification ofsome ofthe described spe- and the correlation of Theridion dorsiger with Fig.
cies. aAl in the text sheet must be erroneous.The spider
The sixth instalment comprises a single textpage figuredinFig.bB2 clearlybelongstoNeottiurabima-
and 4 colourised plates. It figures 13 taxa, nine of culata (Linnaeus, 1767) as stated by Menge (1866)
which are newly described by Hahn.The identity of and Bonnet (1959), and therefore Theridion dorsiger
N
the taxa figured on plates 1 to 3 is undisputed, but is correctlylistedas ajuniorsynonymof bimacula-
the four taxa figured on plate 4 are problematic.The tain theWorld Spider Catalog (2015).
plate shows four spiders, each figured in three sepa-
rate drawings (see Fig. 1A-D): 2. Theridionnebulosum
(1) a sketch in natural size labelledwith alowercase (nebulosus = “foggy,cloudy,murky”)
letter (a-d) The German name coined by Hahn for this taxon
(2) a magnified colourised figure labelled with an is ’’wolkige Webespinne” (i.e. “cloudy spider”). The
upper case letter (A-D) only spider on plate 4 that may correlate with this
(3) a drawing ofthe abdomen in lateral aspect, la- name is the spider in Fig. aAl, because this figure
belledwith arabic numerals (1-4). shows a marbled-reticulate or “clouded” pattern on
theopisthosoma.Tbus,the correlationasgiveninthe
The plate legend identifies the species on plate 4 as platelegend is correct,and the correlationin the text
follows: sheetis erroneous.The identityofthis taxonis regar-
• Fig.aAl isidentifiedas“Theridionnebulosum Hahn” ded as unclear and it is listed as a nomen dubium in
,
• Fig.bB2 is identified as“Theridion dorsiger Hahn” the World Spider Catalog (2015). The figure shows
,
• Fig.cC3 is identified as “Theridion tibiale Hahn” that Theridion nebulosum is a small spider of about
• Fig.dD4 is identified as “Theridion rufipes, Linn.” 3 mm body length, with a dark prosoma, pedipalps,
,
and legs.The opisthosoma is whitish brown with an
By contrast, the text on the single text sheet ofthis intricate mesh of darker lines, and is conspicuous-
i1.nstalment gives another combination and thus par- ly round and looks so swollen that it partially hides
tiallycorrelates the imageswith other names: the prosoma. The animal somewhat resembles a fe-
• Fig. aAl is identified as “Theridion dorsiger mihi” male ofTheridiosomagemmosum (L. Koch, 1877),but
,
• Fig.bB2isidentifiedas“Theridion nebulosum mihi” the similarity is not compelling enough to suggest a
,
• Fig.cC3 is identified as“Theridion tibiale mihi” formal synonymy and I therefore retain the status of
,
• Fig.dD4 is identified as“Theridion rufipes,Linn.” Theridion nebulosum as a nomen dubium.
This mismatch between the text sheet and the plate 3. Theridionrufipes
legend indicates a problem with the correlation bet- (rufus = “red,darkorange”; pes =’’foot”)
ween the name descriptions and the images on the The German name for this taxon is ’’rotfiissige We-
plate and there is no indication from the text or the bespinne” (i.e. ”red-footed spider”). The only spider
platethatoneofthemisclearlyamisprint.Therefore, on plate 4with red legs is the one in Fig. cC3.Thus,
the identity ofall four taxa on plate 4 has to be re- the correlation ofthe name Theridion tibialewith the
considered de novo. spider in Fig. cC3 must be an error,both in the text
sheet as well as in the figure legend.The identity of
Theridiondorsiger Hahn’s Theridion rufipes is currently unclear. Hahn
(dorsum = “back,ridge”;gerere = “to carry, himself credits this name to Linnaeus, and indeed:
bear,wear”) the spiderinFig.cC3 perfectlyresembles afemaleof
Forthis taxon Hahn uses the German name’’hellrii- thespecies currentlyidentifiedas Gongylidiumrufipes
ckigeWebespinne”(i.e.“light-backed spider”).Thus, (Linnaeus, 1758).Thus, Hahn identified this species
this name cannot refer to the spiders shown in Fig. correctlyandtransferredittothegenus Theridion.The
cC3 and Fig. dD4,because theydo not have a light- World Spider Catalog (2015) does not list Hahn’s
coloured back.The spiders in Fig. aAl and Fig. bB2 Theridion rufipes neither in the genus Theridion nor
, ,
fit better, but Fig. bB2 obviously fits best. Thus, the under Gongylidium rufipes. Roewer (1955: 1684)
NominadubiainTheridion 87
Fig. 1:Thefourspidersfiguredon plate4ofthesixth instalmentof"MonographiederSpinnen"(Hahn 1831a).Ashowsthespider
withtheoriginaldenotation"Fig.aA1"thatishereassociatedwiththetaxonnameTheridionnebulosum,anomendubium.Bshows
thespiderwiththeoriginaldenotation"Fig.bB2",whichiscorrelatedwiththenameTheridiondorsiger,asynonymofNeottiurabima-
culata.Cshowsthespiderwiththeoriginal denotation"Fig.cC3"thatis hereassociatedwiththe name Theridionrufipes,currently
placed in thegenusGongylidium. Dshowsthe spiderwiththeoriginal denotation "Fig.dD4".This animal is here identified asthe
taxonTheridiontibialeandplacedinthesynonymyofLasaeolatristis.
ThefigureshavebeentakenfromthedigitalscanoftheHeidelbergcopyofHahn(1831a)whichisavailableonlineunderhttp://digi.
ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/hahn1820 (Source: University ofHeidelberg, underCreative Commons-License CC-BY-SA 3.0 DE).The
originalfigureshavebeencroppedtoremoveunnecessarywhitespacearoundthemandhavebeennewlyrearrangedintothefour
panelsA-DusingAdobePhotoshopCS5.
mentions “Theridion rufipes Hahn, 1831”as ‘nicht zu nomen dubium. In fact, however, the figured animal
deuten”(i.e. as a nomen dubium),but the synonymy very closely resembles Lasaeola tristis (Hahn, 1833),
was listed correctlyin Bonnet (1957, 1959),which is exceptthatithas onlythe tibiaofthe fourthwalking
confirmed herewith (syn. conf.).The secondary ho- legs red,whereas Lasaeola tristisusuallyhas the tibia
monymy of Hahns Theridion rufipes with Theridion and the femur ofthe fourth walking legs (partially)
rufipes Lucas, 1846 can be disregarded,because both red.This error might be attributed to Lechner who
taxa are notcurrentlyconsidered as congeneric. likelydid not knowthe species from his own experi-
ence andwasonlyworkingfromincomplete notesby
4. Theridiontibiale Hahnwhen instructingthe colouristwho colourised
(tibialis = “shin-boned,tibial”) the figures. Hahn (1831b) had already warned his
The German name for this taxon is “Schienen-We- readers that such errors would occur should his ma-
bespinne” (i.e. “tibia-spider”), thus pointing to some terial eventuallybe publishedbyLechner: “[ich] fin-
peculiarity ofthe tibiae in this species. Indeed, the de michabernungezwungenfernerzuerklären,dass
animal figured in Fig. dD4 is all black, but has red die vielleichtvom Herrn Lechner unter seinem Na-
tibiae on the fourth pair ofwalking legs. Therefore, men erscheinenden Hefte mitAbbildungen derjeni-
this must be the animal denoted by the name The- gen Spinnen, wovon er noch Originalzeichnungen
ridion tibiale, and the correlation of Fig. dD4 with von mir in Händen hat, ohne meine Zustimmung
the name Theridion rufipesboth in the text sheet and geschehen, und dass die fraglichen Zeichnungen
in the figure legend must be erroneous.This mistake noch mancher Verbesserung bedürfen” (i.e. “[I] feel
has confused earlier authors, and awrong synonymy impelled to declare now, that those instalments that
with Centromerita bicolor (Blackwall, 1833) has been maybepublishedinthefuturebyMr.Lechnerunder
suggested (Bonnet 1956, 1959). The taxon is cur- his own name and containing figures of those spi-
rentlylistedin theWorld Spider Catalog (2015) as a ders ofwhich he still has my original drawings in
88 N.-M.Prpic
hispossession,willbepublishedwithoutmyconsent, 1980,Roberts 1985,Brüning 1991,Heimer5cNent-
and that the drawings in question still require quite wig 1991,Hauge 8cHansen 1991,Knoflach8cBert-
some corrections”).When one compares the original randi 1993, Roberts 1995, Kasai 1997, Knoflach 8c
descriptions of Theridion tibiale and Theridion triste Thaler 1998,Aakra 2000,Horvath 8cSzinetär 2002,
(i.e. Lasaeola tristis), both authored by Hahn, then Agnarsson 2004, Knoflach and Pfaller 2004, Trot-
similarities in the phrasingare evident: ta 2005, Türkei and Mergen 2005, Almquist 2005,
(1) Theridion tibiale\ “Auf Fohren und Fichten ge- Szinetär 8c Horvath 2006, Agnarsson et al. 2007,
meinum Nürnberg”(i.e.“on pine trees and Nor- Lemke 2008, Steinberger 2008, Piterkina 2011, Le
waysprucecommonaroundNuremberg”) (Hahn Peru 2011, Kovblyuket al.2012,Merrett et al.2014.
1831a). This list is presented here as evidence that thejuni-
(2) Theridion triste’. “Aufniedern Fohrenbüschen an or synonym has been used as the valid name in at
den Rändern der Wälder im Sommer in den least25works,publishedbyatleast 10 authorsinthe
UmgebungenvonNürnberggarnichtselten”(i.e. immediatelypreceding 50 years and encompassing a
“Onlowerpinebushes attheforestfringes in the span ofno less than 10years (Article 23.9.1.2.).This
summer in the surroundings ofNuremberg not fully satisfies all requirements in Article 23.9.1. and
rare at all”) (Hahn 1833). follows the procedure set forth inArticle 23.9.2.
The close association ofLasaeola tristiswith conifers,
Acknowledgements
especially pine trees, is well known (e.g. Palmgren IwouldliketothankBarbaraThaler-Knoflach,TheoBlick
1974,Heimer 8cNentwig 1991).Thus,both Hahni- and Peter van Helsdingen for helpful comments on the
an taxa obviously represent the same species (syn. manuscript. My work is supported by a grant from the
nov.), but at different “stages” of Hahn’s work. The Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG; grant number
image and short description of Theridion tibiale in PR 1109/6-1).
Hahn (1831a) can be viewed as a preliminary draft
(published without Hahn’s approval), whereas The-
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