Noise and the Brain: Experience Dependent Developmental and Adult Plasticity

477 Pages·2013·7.1 MB·English

by  Jos Eggermont

Noise and the Brain
Experience Dependent Developmental
and Adult Plasticity
Jos J. Eggermont
Emeritus Professor of Physiology & Pharmacology, and Psychology, University
of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Table of Contents
Cover image
Title page
Copyright
Preface
Abbreviations
Chapter 1. Introduction
1.1 Discovery of Noise as a Cause of Hearing Loss
1.2 Experimental Studies in Animals and the Establishment of the Neural Substrates of
Hearing
1.3 Towards the Estimation of Exposure Levels not Causing Permanent Hearing Loss
1.4 Towards Legal Limits of Occupational Noise Exposure Levels
1.5 The Surging Manifestation of Recreational Noise
1.6 The Emergence of Noise Annoyance
1.7 Long-Term Exposure to Sound at Levels Well below the Legal Limits Causes Changes in
the Central Auditory System
1.8 The Need to Move beyond Threshold Audiometry as an Indicator of Safe Exposure
Levels
1.9 Prevention as the Best Solution
References
Chapter 2. Epidemiology, Etiology and Genetics of Hearing Problems
2.1 Epidemiology and Etiology
2.2 Genetic Basis of NIHL
2.3 Summary
References
Chapter 3. Neural Substrates of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
3.1 Structural Changes in the Auditory System Following Noise Trauma
3.2 Behavioral and Neural Changes
3.3 Molecular Changes
3.4 Summary
References
Chapter 4. Effects of Nondamaging Sound on the Developing Brain
4.1 Animal Studies
4.2 Human Studies
4.3 Effects of Noise on School-Age Children
4.4 Music and Music Training
4.5 Detection of Affected Brains
4.6 Summary
References
Chapter 5. Effects of Deafness on the Young Brain
5.1 Overview
5.2 Newborn Hearing Screening
5.3 Effects of Sensorineural Hearing Loss
5.4 Conductive Hearing Loss
5.5 Effects of Cochlear Implantation
5.6 Performance in Early and Late Implanted Children
5.7 Summary
References
Chapter 6. Speech Understanding in Noise
6.1 Effects of Noise and Reverberation on Speech Perception: Role of Age
6.2 Adult Hearing in Noise
6.3 Aging and Speech Perception
6.4 Electrophysiology and Imaging
6.5 Summary
References
Chapter 7. Effects of “Nondamaging Sound” on the Adult Auditory Brain
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Auditory Plasticity in Human Adults
7.3 Animal Studies of Adult Auditory Plasticity
7.4 Brain Changes Following Long-Term Exposure to “Safe” Noise Levels
7.5 Putative Mechanisms and Implications for Clinical Audiology
7.6 Summary
References
Chapter 8. Noise and the Aging Brain
8.1 Causes of Aging
8.2 Age-Related Hearing Impairment and Presbycusis
8.3 Animal Models for Age-Related Hearing Impairment
8.4 Neural Transmitter and Receptor Changes with Age
8.5 Genetics of Presbycusis
8.6 Psychological Aspects
8.7 Comparison of ARHI with NIHL
8.8 Summary
References
Chapter 9. Music and the Brain
9.1 The “Good” Aspects of Music
9.2 Music and Language
9.3 The “Bad” Aspects of Music
9.4 Benefit of Music after All?
9.5 Summary
References
Chapter 10. Nonauditory Effects of Noise
10.1 Annoyance
10.2 Stress
10.3 Sleep
10.4 Cardiovascular Effects
10.5 What Causes the Nonauditory Effects of Noise?
10.6 Summary
References
Chapter 11. Noise in the Brain
11.1 Phantom Sounds
11.2 Relationship to NIHL and ARHI
11.3 Where in the Brain is Tinnitus?
11.4 Listening to Tinnitus
11.5 Nonauditory Effects of Tinnitus
11.6 Similarities of Tinnitus and Environmental Sound Effects on the Brain
11.7 Summary
References
Chapter 12. Protection Against Noise-Induced Brain Changes: Are there Safe
Noise Levels?
12.1 Drug-Based Protection
12.2 Sound-Based Protection
12.3 The Role of the Olivocochlear Bundle in Protection
12.4 Short Duration Stress Protects
12.5 Hormonal Factors
12.6 Delaying Age-Related Hearing Loss
12.7 Earlier Diagnosis to Reduce the Impact
12.8 Hearing Protection Devices
12.9 Changing the Attitudes about Noise
12.10 Introducing New Legal Standards?
12.11 Summary
References
Index
Copyright
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Preface
Noise is more and more pervasive in modern society. While we are slowly
becoming aware of its potentially damaging consequences for hearing, we
should also appreciate the necessity of sound for normal development of the
auditory system and for keeping the central auditory system finely tuned.
Environmental noise has long been recognized as underlying psychosomatic
problems such as sleeplessness, annoyance, stress and hypertension. We are now
in a position to trace the brain structures involved in this process, which may
lead to better understanding of how these sounds affect us and how the effects
can be ameliorated. The emotional factors that distinguish our attitudes to noise
and music should also be put in perspective by elucidating the good and bad
parts of making music and listening to it. In this book I bring together the varied
types of sound and how they not only can affect our hearing but also how they
may promote maladaptive changes in our brains, even in the absence of hearing
loss.
The topics in this book reflect the effects of different types of noise
(occupational, recreational, and environmental), and the noise levels, which
range from those that DON’T result in damage to the ear to those that result in
permanent hearing loss. These sounds have in common the fact that they do
affect auditory as well as nonauditory brain areas. The auditory brain changes
accompany perceptual changes in humans and animals, whereas nonauditory
brain areas are also involved in the psychosomatic effects of noise. Having
studied the aspects of noise on hearing and deafness for more than four decades,
I wanted to relate them to their often co-occurring psychosomatic aspects. This
required delving into the psychological aspects of sound experiences, from
pleasurable (music) to annoying (environmental noise), and into somatic
reactions to sound ranging from the emotional (annoyance and stress) to the
potentially bodily harmful (sleeplessness and hypertension). I learned a lot from
studying this BOTH abundant and very specialized literature. In this book, I
integrate the psychosomatic effects of noise with their neurophysiological and
pharmacological substrates in auditory and nonauditory brain areas. These
substrates reflect the mechanisms that link environmental noise to changes in
emotion, stress and sleep that may even lead to cardiovascular problems.