Neutrons in Soft Matter

659 Pages·2011·115.84 MB·english

by  Toyoko Imae

Neutrons in Soft Matter
Neutrons in Soft Matter
Edited by
Toyoko Imae, Toshiji Kanaya,
Michihiro Furusaka, and Naoya Torikai
Copyright(cid:1)2011byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved.
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
NeutroninSoftMatter/[editedby]ToyokoImae...
[etal.].
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-40252-8(hardback)
1. Neutrons–Scattering.2. Softcondensedmatter. I.Imae,Toyoko.
QC793.5.N4628E862011
539.7’58–dc22
2010030994
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface vii
Contributors ix
I Neutron Scattering 1
I.1 Basics Concepts 1
FerencMezei
II Instrumentation 29
II.1 Small-Angle Neutron Scattering 29
II.1.1 Small-Angle Neutron Scattering at
Reactor Sources 29
KellMortensen
II.1.2 SANS Instruments at Pulsed Neutron Sources 57
ToshiyaOtomo
II.1.3 Ultra-Small-Angle Neutron Scattering 73
II.1.3.1 Bonse–Hart USANS Instrument 73
MichaelAgamalian
II.1.3.2 Focusing USANS Instrument 94
SatoshiKoizumi
II.2 Neutron Reflectometry 115
NaoyaTorikai
II.3 Quasielastic and Inelastic Neutron Scattering 147
II.3.1 Neutron Spin Echo Spectroscopy 147
MichaelMonkenbuschandDieterRichter
II.3.2 Neutron Backscattering 183
BernhardFrickandDanNeumann
II.3.3 Time-of-Flight Spectrometry 203
RuepE.Lechner
II.4 Neutron Imaging 269
NobuyukiTakenaka
v
vi Contents
III Data Treatment and Sample Environment 285
III.1 Practical Aspects of SANS Experiments 285
GeorgeD.Wignall
III.2 Structure Analysis 311
HidekiSeto
III.3 Calculation of Real Space Parameters and Ab Initio Models
from Isotropic Elastic SANS Patterns 329
PeterV.KonarevandDmitriI.Svergun
III.4 Contrast Variation 351
MitsuhiroHirai
III.5 Sample Environment: Soft Matter Sample Environment for
Small-Angle Neutron Scattering and Neutron Reflectometry 383
PeterLindner,RalfSchweins,andRichardA.Campbell
IV Applications 415
IV.1 Hierarchical Structure of Small Molecules 415
Tsang-LangLin
IV.2 Structure of Dendritic Polymers and Their Films 435
KojiMitamuraandToyokoImae
IV.3 Dynamics of Polymers 455
ToshijiKanayaandBarbaraJ.Gabrys
IV.4 Inhomogeneous Structure and Dynamics of Condensed
Soft Matter 493
MitsuhiroShibayama
IV.5 Protein Dynamics Studied by Neutron Incoherent Scattering 517
MikioKataokaandHiroshiNakagawa
IV.6 Polymer Interfaces and Thin Films 539
DavidG.Bucknall
IV.7 Neutron Diffraction from Polymers and Other Soft Matter 571
GeoffreyR.Mitchell
V Current Facilities 601
V.1 Pulsed Neutron Sources and Facilities 601
MasatoshiArai
V.2 Reactor Overview 621
ColinJ.Carlile
Index 643
Preface
T
oward peaceful and safe human life, technology science, including nanotech-
nology,biotechnology,andinformationtechnology,isoneofthekeysciencesinthe
twenty-firstcentury,besidestheenvironmentalandenergysciences.Suchtechnology
scienceiscomplementarytomaterialsscience,analyticalmethodology,andrelated
sciences. One of the innovations in analytical methodology is the development of
neutron and synchrotron research in a category of “big science.” Neutron and
synchrotron facilities, which are out-of-laboratory level, have been improved in
scaleandqualitywiththesupportofnationalprojectsinseveralcountries.Consid-
ering the situation that new neutron sources will lead to, a steep increase in the
numberofusersofneutronfacilitiescannotberuledout.Accordingly,thereisaneed
of an adequate guidebook or textbook on neutron science.
Neutron beam used in a neutron facility is of short wavelength. Besides, the
analysisofneutronresearchgivesusinformationofsmallrangelikenanoscale.Thus,
newresearchforchemicalandbiologicalobjectswillbeundertakenbecauseofthe
demand for an adequate tool for micro- and nanostructure research and for fast
dynamics research of atomic location in materials. Considering such scientific
requirement, we seek to publish a specialized book on neutron research. Different
from already published professional books on neutron, this book focuses on
instrumentationaswellastheoryand/orapplications;eachofthesectionsoftheory,
instrumentation, and applications is well described by contributors with deep
knowledge and expertise in the field.
In Chapter I, the basic concepts of neutron scattering are briefly discussed.
Chapter II meticulously describes instrumentation such as small-angle neutron
scattering,neutronreflectometry,quasiandinelasticneutronscattering,andneutron
imaging. Chapter III elucidates data treatment and sample environment for conve-
nience of the users. Some practical applications are exemplified for soft matters
like small molecules, linear polymers, dendritic polymers, gels, and proteins in
Chapter IV. Finally, Chapter V deals with the current facilities based on pulsed
neutron source and reactor.
Thisbookonneutronresearchisusefulforchemists,particularlythoseinthesoft
matterfield;however,itisalsovaluableforphysicistsandbiologistsastheyalways
look for a blow-by-blow account of neutron research. This book also includes the
basictechnologicaltermsrelatedtothefield.Itisexpectedthatsuchacomprehensive
book will prove useful to many scientists and engineers, who are already utilizing
or will utilize neutron facilities, as well as readers who are interested in neutron
vii
viii Preface
research.Inaddition,itisahighlyinformativetextbookforpostgraduatestudentsand
researchers of neutron science.
The editors greatly wish to acknowledge all contributors for their enormous
contributions. We also appreciate Ms. Hanako Ishida at the Institute for Chemical
Research, Kyoto University, for designing the cover picture of the book. It is a
pleasuretothankallthestaffinourlaboratoryandthecolleaguesintheinstitution
who helped us in bringing out this book. We acknowledge Japan Atomic Energy
Agency for kind transfer permission of the aerial photograph of J-PARC. We are
particularlyindebtedtoourfamilyfortheiremotionalsupportandpatienceshowed
duringthecompilingofthisbook.Wethankourpublishersfortheirgreatsupportfor
this project. Finally, Toyoko Imae would like to thank other editors and Dr. Koji
Mitamuraforshowingtheir unlimitedperseveranceanduntiringenergyduringthe
editing process.
TOYOKO IMAE
TOSHIJI KANAYA
MICHIHIRO FURUSAKA
NAOYATORIKAI
Contributors
Michael Agamalian, Neutron Scattering Science Division, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA (Chapter II.1.3.1)
MasatoshiArai,J-PARCCentre,JapanAtomicEnergyAgency,Tokai-mura,Japan
(Chapter V.1)
David G. Bucknall, Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of
Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA (Chapter IV.6)
Richard A. Campbell, Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, France (Chapter III.5)
Colin J. Carlile, Lund University, ESS Scandinavia Secretariat, Lund, Sweden
(Chapter V.2)
Bernhard Frick, Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, France (Chapter II.3.2)
Barbara J. Gabrys, Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
(Chapter IV.3)
Mitsuhiro Hirai, Department of Physics, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
(Chapter III.4)
Toyoko Imae, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Honors
College, Graduate Institute of Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan (Chapter IV.2)
Toshiji Kanaya, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
(Chapter IV.3)
MikioKataoka,GraduateSchoolofMaterialsScience,NaraInstituteofScienceand
Technology, Ikoma, Japan (Chapter IV.5)
Satoshi Koizumi, Strongly Correlated Supermolecule Group, Quantum Beam Sci-
enceDirectorate,JapanAtomicEnergyAgency,Tokai-mura,Japan(ChapterII.1.3.2)
Peter V. Konarev, EMBL c/o DESY, Hamburg, Germany (Chapter III.3)
Ruep E. Lechner, Guest at Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany
(Chapter II.3.3)
Tsang-Lang Lin,DepartmentofEngineeringandSystemScience, NationalTsing
Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan (Chapter IV.1)
Peter Lindner, Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, France (Chapter III.5)
ix
x Contributors
Ferenc Mezei, LANSCE, Los Alamos National Laboratories, Los Alamos, NM,
USA (Chapter I.1)
KojiMitamura,JapanScienceandTechnologyAgency,ExploratoryResearchfor
Advanced Technology (JST/ERATO), Takahara Soft Interfaces Project, Fukuoka,
Japan (Chapter IV.2)
Michael Monkenbusch, Institut fu¨r Festko¨rperforschung, Forschungszentrum
Ju¨lich, Ju¨lich, Germany (Chapter II.3.1)
Kell Mortensen, Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences,
University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark (Chapter II.1.1)
Geoffrey R. Mitchell, Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Reading,
Reading, UK (Chapter IV.7)
Hiroshi Nakagawa, Neutron Biophysics Group, Japan Atomic Energy Agency,
Tokai-mura, Japan (Chapter IV.5)
DanNeumann,NISTCenterforNeutronResearch,NationalInstituteofStandards
and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA (Chapter II.3.2)
ToshiyaOtomo,InstituteofMaterialsStructureScience,HighEnergyAccelerator
Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Japan (Chapter II.1.2)
DieterRichter,Institutfu¨rFestko¨rperforschung,ForschungszentrumJu¨lich,Ju¨lich,
Germany (Chapter II.3.1)
Ralf Schweins, Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, France (Chapter III.5)
Hideki Seto, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator
Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Japan (Chapter III.2)
Mitsuhiro Shibayama, Neutron Science Laboratory, Institute for Solid State
Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan (Chapter IV.4)
Dmitri I. Svergun, EMBL c/o DESY, Hamburg, Germany (Chapter III.3)
NobuyukiTakenaka,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,GraduateSchoolof
Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan (Chapter II.4)
Naoya Torikai, Department of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of
Engineering, Mie University, Tsu, Japan (Chapter II.2)
George D. Wignall, Neutron Scattering Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA (Chapter III.1)
FigureII.1.3.1.10 The2DrepresentationofBraggdiffractionandTDSfromSi(111)crystalat
y ¼45o.
B
FigureII.3.1.10 SpacefilingmodeloftheproteinADHinitsformasdimer.Thebindingofthecofactor
NADisindicated.TheNSEexperimentwasperformedonatetramericformofADH,whichcorresponds
totheassociationoftwoofthesedimers.