Natural Goodness This page intentionally left blank Natural Goodness Philippa Foot CLARENDON PRESS · OXFORD 2001 GreatClarendonStreet,OxfordOX26DP OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford ItfurtherstheUniversity'sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwidein OxfordNewYork AucklandBangkokBuenosAiresCapeTownChennai Dar esSalaamDelhiHongKongIstanbulKarachiKolkata KualaLumpurMadridMelbourneMexicoCityMumbaiNairobi SãoPauloShanghaiTaipeiTokyoToronto Oxfordisaregisteredtrademark ofOxfordUniversityPress intheUK andincertainothercountries PublishedintheUnitedStatesby OxfordUniversityPressInc., NewYork ©PhilippaFoot2001 Themoralrightsoftheauthorshavebeenasserted DatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker) Firstpublished2001 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,or transmitted,inanyform orbyanymeans, withoutthepriorpermissioninwriting ofOxfordUniversityPress, oras expresslypermittedbylaw, or under termsagreedwiththeappropriate reprographcsrightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproduction outsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment, OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcover andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Dataavailable ISBN0–19–823508–9 To Warren Quinn In Memoriam Man is indeed an object miraculous vain, various and wavering. It is difficult to found a judgement on him whichis steady and uniform. Montaigne, Essays, Book I, 1 Youcanattachthewholeofmoralphilosophytoacommonplaceprivatelifejustaswellastooneofricherstuff.Everymanbearsthewhole Form of the human condition. Montaigne, Essays, Book III, 2 Preface Ihavebeenwritingthisbookfor manyyears, andhavebenefitedgreatlyfromdiscussions withcolleagues, especiallyat Oxford and UCLA, but also at many other universities. If I have here repeated other people's arguments without acknowledgement I only hope they will blame a defective memory rather than professional thievishness. It will be obvious that I owe most to the work of Elizabeth Anscombe, and to early discussions with her. But I must also give special thanks to Christopher Coope, Peter Conradi, and Michael Thompson who read the whole of a first draft of the book and sent me wonderful comments. Anselm Müller has also read some chapters for me and helped me a great deal, and I have had many good discussions with John Campbell, Rosalind Hursthouse, and Gavin Lawrence. Finally, I am extraordinarily grateful to Peter Momtchiloff at the Oxford University Press for his unfailing encouragement and patience, and to Angela Blackburn, whose editing has saved me from many blunders. PRF Oxford, May 2000 This page intentionally left blank Contents Introduction 1 1. A Fresh Start? 5 2. Natural Norms 25 3. Transition to Human Beings 38 4. Practical Rationality 52 5. Human Goodness 66 6. Happiness and Human Good 81 7. Immoralism 99 Postscript 116 Bibliography 117 Index 123