Nathanael Tilahun Ali

228 Pages·2015·1.46 MB·English

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DYNAMISM AND THE EROSION OF PROCEDURAL
SAFEGUARDS IN INTERNATIONAL GOVERNANCE OF
TERRORISM
© N. T. Ali, 2015. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the author
Printed & cover design by: Drukkerij Haveka
Dynamism and the Erosion of Procedural
Safeguards in International Governance of
Terrorism

Dynamisme en de erosie van procedurele waarborgen in
internationale governance op het gebied van terrorisme

Thesis

to obtain the degree of Doctor from the
Erasmus University Rotterdam
by command of the
rector magnificus

Prof.dr. H.A.P. Pols

and in accordance with the decision of the Doctorate Board.
The public defense shall be held on

Thursday 17 September 2015 at 15:30 hrs
by

Nathanael Tilahun Ali
born in Wondo Genet, Ethiopia
Doctoral Committee:

Promotor: Prof.dr. E. Hey

Other members: Prof.dr. D. Kritsiotis
Prof.dr. H.S. Taekema
Prof.dr. W.G. Werner

Copromotor: Dr. J.D. Handmaker
Table of Contents
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................... v
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1
1.1. Overview ........................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Central Propositions ........................................................................................................ 5
1.3. Methodological Approach .............................................................................................. 6
1.4. Methods Used ................................................................................................................11
1.5. Structure of the Thesis ..................................................................................................14
CHAPTER 2: EARLY INTERNATIONAL GOVERNANCE OF TERRORISM
AS ARISTOCRATIC MUTUAL PROTECTION .........................................................17
2.1. Introduction....................................................................................................................17
2.2. The IAPL Draft Penal Law ..........................................................................................19
2.3. The League of Nations Draft Convention on Terrorism ........................................22
2.4. The Breakdown and Continuity of the Mutual-Protection Model .........................25
CHAPTER 3: POST-WAR INTERNATIONAL GOVERNANCE OF
TERRORISM AS MUTUAL-SCRUTINY OF STATES ..............................................29
3.1. Introduction....................................................................................................................29
3.2. The International Law Commission’s Draft Code of Offences .............................31
3.2.1. The Definition of International Terrorism under the Draft Code of Offences
.............................................................................................................................................32
3.2.2. The Purpose and Scope of the Draft Code of Offences ..................................36
3.3. United Nations General Assembly .............................................................................40
3.3.1. Linking Terrorism with State Conduct ...............................................................41
3.3.3. Embedment in the Discourse of Peaceful Inter-State Relations .....................43
3.4. The Move Away from Mutual-Scrutiny .....................................................................45
CHAPTER 4: CURRENT INTERNATIONAL COUNTER-TERRORISM AS
COSMOPOLITAN GOVERNANCE .............................................................................49
4.1. Introduction....................................................................................................................49
4.2. Terrorism as a Global Public Problem .......................................................................50
4.2.1. The Individual as Perpetrator of Terrorism .......................................................51
4.2.2. The Individual as the Victim of Terrorism: Human Rights-based
Approach……………………………………………………………………….53
4.2.2.1. Financial Compensation to Victims of Terrorism .....................................54
4.2.3. The Individual as the Victim of Terrorism: Non-Rights Based Initiatives ....57
4.2.3.1. The Deployment of Human Stories in Counter-Terrorism .....................57
4.2.3.2. Financial Compensations to Victims of Terrorism ....................................58
4.2.3.3. Recognition of Victims of Terrorism in Criminal Justice Systems ..........59
4.3. The Common Good and the Role of the State .........................................................62
4.4. Proactive Governance and the Role of Non-State Actors ......................................63
4.4.1. Terrorism Financing ..............................................................................................65
4.4.2. Control of arms and Dangerous Materials .........................................................70
4.4.3. Cross-border Movement of Goods and Persons ..............................................72
4.5. Problematizing Cosmopolitan Governance of Terrorism .......................................77
CHAPTER 5: DYNAMISM IN INTERNATIONAL GOVERNANCE OF
TERRORISM ........................................................................................................................79
5.1. Introduction....................................................................................................................79
5.2. Dynamic Governance and De-formalisation ............................................................79
5.3. Openness of the Framework of Governance ............................................................83
5.3.1. Multi-faceted Framework: Illustration ................................................................83
5.3.2. Absorptive Framework: Illustration ....................................................................91
5.4. Flexibility of the Substantive Normative Measures ..................................................98
5.4.1. Trial-and-Error Governance: Illustration ...........................................................99
5.4.2. Adaptive Governance: Illustration .................................................................... 107
5.5. The Rising Utility of Dynamic Governance and its Adverse Consequences .... 110
5.5.1. Trends of Dynamism Elsewhere: Experimentalist Governance .................. 111
5.5.2. The Adverse Consequences of Dynamic Governance and Global Injustice
.......................................................................................................................................... 115
CHAPTER 6: THE EROSION OF PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS IN
INTERNATIONAL COUNTER-TERRORISM MONITORING ........................ 121
6.1. Introduction................................................................................................................. 121
6.2. De-legalisation and State-Empowerment in International Monitoring .............. 123
6.3. Counter-Terrorism Monitoring by the UN Security Council: the Counter-
Terrorism Committee ........................................................................................................ 126
6.3.1. The Positioning of the Counter-terrorism Committee and its Working
Methods……………………………………………………………………….127
6.3.2. The Working Methods of the Counter-Terrorism Committee: State
Reporting and Country Visits ...................................................................................... 129
6.4. Counter-Terrorism Financing Monitoring of the FATF ...................................... 133
6.4.1. Self-evaluation ...................................................................................................... 134
6.4.2. FATF Mutual Evaluation Process: Procedure ................................................ 135
6.4.3. FATF Mutual Evaluation Process: Substantive Guidelines .......................... 138
6.4.4. FATF Blacklisting and Counter-Measures ...................................................... 141
6.5. The Erosion of Procedural Safeguards in Context ................................................ 142
6.5.1. International Judicial Bodies: the International Court of Justice ................. 143
6.5.2. National and Regional Courts ........................................................................... 146
6.5.3. Complaints Procedures at the Human Rights Council and International
Human Rights Treaty Bodies ....................................................................................... 148
6.5.4. Complaint Mechanisms within International Counter-Terrorism Bodies .. 151
6.6. Conclusion: Towards a Community of Collective Endeavour ............................ 152
CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION AND FURTHER THOUGHTS ............................ 155
7.1 Overview ....................................................................................................................... 155
7.2. Dynamism and the Erosion of Procedural Safeguards ......................................... 156
7.3. Further Thoughts: Patterns of Privilege and Disadvantage ................................. 161
7.3.1. Immunization of the State ................................................................................. 161
7.3.2. Co-option of Critical Actors .............................................................................. 162
7.3.3. Empowerment of Certain Private Actors ........................................................ 165
7.4. Rethinking Applicable Legal Frameworks: Directions for Future Research ..... 166
Summary .............................................................................................................................. 169
Nederlandse Samenvatting ............................................................................................... 175
Bibliography ........................................................................................................................ 181
Thank You’s ........................................................................................................................ 213
About the Author............................................................................................................... 215
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

AEO Authorized Economic Operator
AIS Automatic Identification System
AML/CFT Anti-Money Laundering/ Counter-Terrorism Financing
API Advance Passenger Information
AT Assessment Team (of the Financial Action Task Force)
CEN Customs Enforcement Network
CTAG Counter Terrorism Action Group
CTC Counter Terrorism Committee
CTED Security Council’s Counter Terrorism Committee, Executive
Directorate
CTITF Counter Terrorism Implementation Task Force
EAPCCO Eastern Africa Police Chiefs’ Cooperation Organization
ESAAMLG Eastern and Southern African Anti-Money Laundering Organization
FATF Financial Action Task Force
FSAP Financial Sector Assessment Program
FSRB FATF Style Regional Body
G8 Group of Eight Industrialized Countries
GCTS Global Counter terrorism Strategy
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
IAPL International Association of Penal Law
IATA International Air Transport Association
iARMS Illicit Arms Records and Tracing Management System
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
ICC International Criminal Court
ICJ International Court of Justice
ICPAT Capacity Building Program against Terrorism
ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross
ICRG International Cooperation Review Group
ICTY International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
IFI International Financial Institutions
IGAD Intergovernmental Authority on Development