Modern Pollen Deposition under Vegetation of the Blue Mountains, New South Wales

2009·9 MB·English

by  Jane M Chalson

:
Modern Pollen Deposition Under Vegetation of the Blue
Mountains, New South Wales
Jane M. Chalson' and Helene A. Martin^
' 46 Kilmarnock St. Engadine, N.S.W. 2233
-School ofBiological, Environmental and Earth Sciences, University ofNew South Wales, SydneyAustralia
2052 ([email protected])
Chalson, J.M. and Martin H.A. (200x). Modem pollen deposition undervegetation ofthe Blue
Mountains, New South Wales. Proceedings oftheLinnean SocietyofNewSouth Wales 130, 111-137.
Pollenwasextractedfromsurfacesamplesofswampsedimentsandsoilsundervarioustypesofvegetation
in the catchments ofthese swamps. The pollen assemblages in these surface samples were compared with
the floristic composition of the vegetation to provide a means of interpreting the assemblages of fossil
pollen retrieved from the swamp sediments.
Thesurfacepollenassemblagesreilectedthelocalvegetation,indicatingmore/lesstreecover,swampand/
oradjacent drylandenvironment andlocal floradiversity.All theevidence pointedto very local deposition
andlittle longdistance dispersal ofpollen.Anumberofdifferentunitsmaybedefinedwithinthe onemajor
vegetationtype, dry sclerophyll forest/woodlandinthis case,butthefloristics ofthe units aretoo similarto
allow discrimination ofthem from theirmodempollen assemblages.
Manuscript received21 May 2008, accepted forpublication 17 December2008.
KEYWORDS: Blue Mountains, local pollen deposition, long distancepollendispersal, modempollen
deposition, pollen spectra.
INTRODUCTION THE STUDY SITES
Pollen is deposited in sediments by the The Blue Mountains are a deeply dissected
contemporaneous vegetation, but a number offactors plateau rising from the Cumberland Plain in the
affecttherepresentationofeachtaxoninthesediments east. The plateau surface is undulating and small
so that it is not possible to relate a fossil pollen creeks form upland valleys. Where the underlying
assemblage in a deposit directly to the vegetation rock type is Hawkesbury Sandstone, the upland
that produced it. Pollen productivity, dispersal and valleys become incised and develop into V-shaped
preservation are the main factors that influence gorges. In the west where rock type is Banks Wall
representation of a taxon, and each of these factors sandstone, the valley sides and floors slope gently
are in turn influenced by the local environmental and the streams flow through a series ofswamps
conditions. Pollen deposited from under known plant (Chalson, 1991).
communities, however, may be used to characterize The swamps chosen for study are as follows
that community and hence assist in the interpretation (see Fig. 1) and the species found at each site are
ofpollen spectra recovered from swamp sediments. listed inAppendix 1
The nature of pollen deposition of individual taxa
may also be deduced from the surface pollen spectra. Burralow Creek Swamp at 33° 32'S, 150° 38'E and
,
Sites for a study ofthe history ofthe vegetation 310-330maltitude,isanarrowswampthatfollowsthe
were chosen from swamps in an altitudinal sequence creek for some 3.5 km. The upper end ofthe swamp
intheBlueMountains (Fig. 1).These sitesaresituated is 2 km southeast ofKurrajong Heights. The core site
on a relatively uniform substrate, sandstone, within is 1 km downstream from the northern end. There are
dry sclerophyll woodland/open forest. Observations few cleared areas near the swamp, the nearest being
of modem pollen deposition are reported in this over 2 km away.
paper, and the Holocene history of the vegetation The vegetation around Burralow Creek is open
from the swamps is reported in Chalson and Martin forest, woodland and swamps (Keith and Benson,
(this volume).
r
MODERN POLLEN DEPOSITION IN THE BLUE MOUNTAINS
33° 15'-
• / ^. Lithgow
33° 30' -
' Kurrajong.
^^^ CrBeuerkraSlwo.w^. ^. :
\ Mt. Victoria J^,^^
r,,,
W
Blacl^heatliy
MedlowBath-i / #/ "^
"\ J LawsonSpriJn'tgw^ood # Pennth
iw^°"''^^
^^^^
^ Katoomba S;;;^^^-^ Nyrr^^p^^
- ^ ^^tv,aTi,"bJw°.° .^s^^m^
33° 45' Murphys Glen
' ""
Kings -- IngarSw. Glenbrook ~*
Jenolan R.
Tablelands Sw.
»_.
Notts Sw
Warragamba Dam
y) ^ —
—
-p
150° 00' 15' 30' 150° 45'
{ >lr Swamp, this study
Scale 15 km
N
- s- ^-* Road i)^ other study site
Urban area A Other surface sample
Figure 1. Locality map
1988). Angophora bakeri, A. costata, Corymbia Warrimoo Oval Swamp at 33° 43' 21.44"S, 150° 36'
,
m
eximia. Eucalyptus eugenioides, E. multicaulis, E. 58.35"E and 190-200 altitude, is approximately 1.5
pauciflora and E. radiata are locally dominant with km east of Warrimoo Post office and 0.4 km south
a few kilometers of the swamp. The surface of the ofWarrimoo Oval. There are substantial urban areas
swamp supports an open heathland ofLeptospermum within a kilometer ofthe swamp and weed invasion
polygalifolium, L. trinervium and Eleocharis is considerable.
sphacelata. Nomenclature follows Harden (1992; The vegetation is mainly woodland with
1993; 2000; 2002) and PlantNet (2006) some open forest and swamp communities (Keith
and Benson, 1988). Locally, Angophora bakeri.
112 Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 130, 2009
CHALSON AND MARTIN
J.M. H.A.
Eucalyptus pauciflora and E. radiata are dominant. BanksiaserrataandHakeateretifolia. The dominants
The swamp surface supports an open heathland with on the swamp are Leptospermumjuniperinum andL.
Leptospermum spp. grandiflorum.
Notts Swamp, at 33° 48' 35.44" S, 150° 24' 27.66" Katoomba Swamp, at 33° 43' 03" S, 150° 19' 18" E
E and about 682 m altitude is approximately 12 km and950maltitude,is 1 kmeastnortheastofKatoomba
south-southeast ofWentworth Falls andto the west of Post Office and 1 km west ofLeura Post Office. This
Notts Hill. The lower third ofthe swamp is used as a swamp is surrounded byurban activity, with drainage
market garden, but there is no sign ofdisturbance or ditches and a sealed road running across the swamp.
weed invasion atthe study site. There is no indication Much ofthe swamp is (orhas been) used foryards for
of European activities in the catchment upstream of light industry and horse paddocks. Housing extends
the study site andthe nearest settlement is some 7 km to the edge ofthe swamp.
to the north-northeast. Most of the area around the swamp has been
The major plant community is open woodland cleared but there are a few remnant pockets of
and there is a little open forest and some swamps Sandstone Plateau Forest (Keith and Benson, 1988)
(Keith and Benson 1988). Eucalyptus eugenioides, E. remaining. Eucalyptus acmenoides, E. oreades, E.
multicaulis, E. piperita, E. racemosa and E. sieberi stellulata, E. oblongata and E. sieberi are dominant.
are locally dominant. The swamp supports a closed The understorey is problematic as the remnant stands
sedgeland of Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus, are heavily weed infested.
Leptospermum trinervium andBaloskion australe. Little remains of the original vegetation over
the swamp surface and species of Poaceae are
Ingar Swamp, at 33° 46' 11.65" S, 150° 27' 22.92" E predominant.Asmallpatchofswampedgevegetation
and 584m altitude, is approximately 8 km southeast forms a dense thicket ofLeptospermumjuniperinum
of Lawson. European settlement is some five km to andL. scoparium.
the northeast, along the highway, and includes some
very large, old conifertrees. Newnes Swamp at 33° 22' 57" S,150° 13' 20" E and
,
m
The vegetation is mainly woodland with 1,060 altitude, is within a forestry area with pine
Corymbia gummifera, Eucalyptus oblongata, E. plantations. Regularburning maintains fire breaks.
piperita, E. pauciflora, and Angophora costata Woodland communities are found around the
dominant locally. Open forest in gorges along swamp (Benson and Keith, 1990) but the shrub layer
the creeks is dominated by E. eugenioides, E. has been much reduced by frequent burning. Shrubs
sclerophylla, Tristania neriifolia and Angophora remaining on the swamp include Leptospermum
costata. The swamp community is aclosed sedgeland trinervium andGrevilleaacanthifolia.Agroundcover
of Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus, Leptocarpus ofgrasses is found in all but the wettest areas where
tenax, Baumea sp., Chorizandra sp., Baloskion Juncaceae and Restionaceae are domiriant.
australe and, towards the edge, Hakea teretifolia, H.
dactyloides andLeptospermum lanigerum. METHODS
KingsTablelands at33° 45'47" S. 150°22'43"Eand Thevegetationunits ateach siteweredetermined
,
about 780-790 m altitude, is located in small valley from maps in Benson (1992), Keith and Benson
offQueen Victoria Creek. It is about 0.6 km east of (1988) and Benson and Keith (1990). Each site was
Queen Victoria Memorial Hospital near Wentworth visited, the vegetation checked with the maps and as
Falls. An urban area is found less than 1 km to the many species as possible were identified in each of
west where exotic conifers have been planted in the the vegetation units. Since palynology cannot reveal
gardens. the structure of the vegetation, the focus of survey
The vegetation is mainly open forest around the was on the species list. Dominance was determined
study site, with woodland on the ridges and closed subjectively from the abundance ofthe species
sedgelands in the swamps (Keith and Benson, 1988). Samples from the surface of the soil, or where
Locally, Eucalyptus dives, E. oreades, E. sieberi possible, from moss polsters, were collected from the
and E. piperita are dominant in the open forest and centre of the swamp, the swamp edge and the plant
Corymbiagummifera, E. racemosa andE. sieberi are communities adjacent or local to, the swamp sites.
dominant in the woodland. On the exposed plateau Samples were taken from at least 100 m away from
to the northeast, the dominants in an open heathland community boundaries where possible. The sample
are Allocasuarina distyla, E. ligustrina, E. stricta, types and vegetation are listed in Table 1 and the
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 130, 2009 113
MODERN POLLEN DEPOSITION IN THE BLUE MOUNTAINS
Table 1 Surface samples used for pollen spectra presented in Figs 2 and 3. Codes for vegetation
map units are from Keith and Benson (1988).
Surface Vegetation
sample no. Vegoetation map unit Sample material
Burralow Creek
1 Open sedgeland mid-swamp 28a Soil
2 Open sedgeland mid-swamp 28a cm core
3 Swamp fringe 28a Soil
4 Low Woodland lOar Soil
5 Open forest lOag Soil
Warrimoo Oval
6 Closed sedgeland mid-swamp 26a Soil
7 Closed sedgeland mid-swamp 26a cm core
8 Closed sedgeland swamp fringe 26a Soil
9 Low woodland lOar Soil
Notts
10 Closed sedgeland mid-swamp 26a Soil
11 Closed sedgeland swamp fringe 26a Soil
Ingar
12 Closed sedgeland mid-swamp 26a Soil
13 Closed sedgeland swamp fringe 26a Soil
14 Low woodland lOar Soil
„.^Xow woodland lOar Soil
1^
Kings Tableland
16 Closed sedgeland mid-swamp 26a cm core
17 Closed sedgeland swamp fringe 26a Soil
18 Low woodland lOar Soil
19 Low woodland lOar Soil
20 Open forest 9i Soil
21 Open forest 9i Soil
22 Open heath 21f Soil
Katoomba
23 Closed sedgeland mid-swamp 26a Soil
24 Closed sedgeland swamp fringe 26a Soil
25 Open forest 9i Soil
26 Open forest 9i Soil
Newnes
27 Closed heath mid-swamp 20a Moss
28 Closed heath swamp fringe 20a Moss
29 Woodland 1Of/11a Moss
30 Woodland 1Of/1la Moss
31 Woodland 1Of/1la Soil
32 Woodland 1Of/1la Soil
33 Open heath 21d Soil
34 Open heath 21c Soil
35 Forest lOf Soil
36 Forest lOf Soil
Murphys Glen
37 Tall open forest 6c Soil
38 Tall open forest 6c Soil
Wolgan
39 Open woodland 11a Soil
40 Open woodland 11a Soil
WoodNymphs Dell
41 Open forest lOag Soil
Medlow Bath
42 Open forest 9i Soil
114 Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 130, 2009
CHALSON AND MARTIN
J.M. H.A.
study sites are shown in Fig. 1 highest count at Warimoo Oval Swamp is close to
Six to ten sub-samples were taken from each substantial urban areas. Leptospermum/Baeckea has
plant community over a transect ofapproximately 20 been identified from some swamp samples (Fig. 2A)
m. The sub-samples were mixed together to reduce where counts may be considerable. Leptospermum
the possible over-representation of any one species spp. are often dominant in the swamp communities
duetocloseproximitytoanindividualplant(Chalson, (seeAppendix 1)
1991). The unidentified Myrtaceae group is larger than
The samples were treated with hydrochloric and the other groups of Mytaceae and counts fi-om the
hydrofluoric acidstoremove siliceous material (Birks swamp samples are the lowest of all. The woodland
and Birks, 1980), oxidised with Schultz solution (a orforest samples from theborders ofthe swamp (Fig.
saturated solution of potassium perchlorate in nitric 2A) all have higher counts than the swamp samples.
acid), cleared in 10% potassium carbonate and the Frequencies in samples from the dry-land vegetation
residue was mounted in glycerine jelly (Brown, (3A) are much higher than those from swamps. Lack
1960). of specific identification was generally due to poor
Pollen was identified by comparing the grains preservation.
with reference pollen treated with standard acetolysis Casuarinaceae frequencies are usually low, with
(Moore et al., 1991). Grains were counted along a few higher values. The highest value (Fig. 3A)
transects across the slides and tests showed that a comes from heathland vegetation.
count of 140 grains adequately sampled the residues. Poaceae frequencies are generally low and the
The counts of each pollen type were presented high values are associated with urbanisation and
as percentages of the total count on the pollen disturbance (Katoomba, Fig. 2A).
diagrams. Restionaceae fi-equencies are variable but most
ofthe high values are found in the swamp samples.
Cyperaceaehasnotbeenrecordedfrommanysamples,
RESULTS andwhere it ispresent, irequencies are generally low,
with the few higher firequencies being found in the
Fig. 2 presentsthepollen spectrafiromvegetation swamp samples.
on the swamp surface and at the edge ofthe swamp, Selaginella is present in a few samples and
and Fig 3. presents spectra fi"om the dry-land appreciable firequencies may be recorded in some
communities in the surrounding vegetation. Table 2 swamp samples. Gleichenia may be present in
presentsthename onthepollen diagram, theprobable appreciable fi-equencies in some swamp samples
source ofthe pollen in the vegetation and ecological also. Other fern spores are usually recorded in low
inference. frequencies and are more common in the dry-land
Preservation, although adequate, was not samples.
good enough for the identification of Eucalyptus Table 2 also lists the likely environmental
species beyond broad groups (Chalson and Martin, indication of the pollen groups on the diagrams,
1995). The pollen fi-om moss polsters may be better but this is difficult, given that a group may include
preserved than that from the soil, but moss polsters many possible species. For example, the families
were not common and usually dried out severely Restionaceae and Cyperaceae include both swamp
in the forest environment, hence soil samples were and dry-land species, butthe species inthevegetation
usually collected in all but the dampest areas. and patterns of high pollen frequencies on the
Exotic Pinus is present in all samples (Figs 2A, diagrams may indicate the nature ofthe environment
3B) and values are highest at sites near urban areas when considered together. Thus the species of
(Kings Tableland, Katoomba). Surprisingly, Pinus Restionaceae and Cyperaceae found in the local
values are not high at Newnes, in the forestry area vegetation (Appendix 1) are almost entirely species
with pine plantations, but the pines were very young ofswamps or damp places (Table 2).
at the time ofthis study.
Angophora/CorymbiaandEucalyptus/Melaleuca
have been identified in low frequencies in some of DISCUSSION
the samples which were better preserved. Melaleuca
styphelioides has been identified in some of the There are many indications that the pollen
swamp samples (Fig. 2A) where counts maybe high. recovered from the surface samples was
M
styphelioides was not found during the survey of produced mainly by the local vegetation and
the vegetation, but it may be grown in gardens. The thus the pollen spectra can indicate the type of
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 130, 2009 115
MODERN POLLEN DEPOSITION IN THE BLUE MOUNTAINS
(sj W w PCTOt -f6O. Mto ^ a> a> U3 CD --J OS w ro -*.
crssi I IS eSn 0^> 5a. s£
n 3 g I I i: § I I
S. 3 II
n^ jTT' "I I 1 ~'^.'-^*
O
-^^
-p-^ -rj ^r
roe -^''-^S?^
'^C'^
&3
^^^^n
3 =^
z
Tx 3
^
So"- fmR — 0)
in 3 5* CO
«3« roBs 3 0eIB5r c3mr T&=3)3 3&>
f»T 3B 3 Q.
C/3
3
sr
&s9 np^ 3
a. 1/1
»
aV3 yj
<o/) nn
<n n r-T-r
3 M 1 I ' ''^'^^r.
^^e.
ft Q, '^e
TT T~t~pT TT
*^.
"5©
8
to
3
I
ft :$ —
S ~r~r "pT "~^ T
H? = "I I '^'O",?a%
'3e
ft ^
-j . - C", X
%«
s.
3 '«-%6.
'/A'©>&
ore TT %;
o
'<^<
'-s'-'^,-&
-%
-TT '®r
I ! I 1 «/•/,
'^AS;"e*
116 Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 130, 2009
1 )
J.M. CHALSON AND H.A. MARTIN
#
Scale 20%oftotalcount .#
r-6/# ^ #JP /rf <? #^^ //// <If <#fJ*#^ <^^ / o=^1^/,^ /.^ i#
^ ^ # ^
^i^" <&" Q*' <?" ^« ^^ ;e ce cJ T T O-
1 * I
Blrralow Creek Swamp
1 Midswamp - .
2 Midswamp • • - . _ . I*
3 Swampedge
^ ^
4 Woodland - -
Warrimoo Ova Swamp
6 Midswamp h ^ -
7 Midswamp 1 . h
8 Swampedge 1^^
-
9 Woodland -
• -
Notts Swamp
10 Midswamp
1 Swampedge \l
IngarSwamp
12 Midswamp
13 Swampedge
1 1 - I- pf
Kings Tableland Swamp 1 J
18 Woodland , - * -
16 Midswamp > :
•
17 Swampedge - . -
21 Forest -
\
Katoomba Swamp
23 Midswamp , ^
24 Swampedge i
—
25 Forest » i K - • «- . , . \ - I
Newnes Swamp
2287 SMiwdasmwpaemdpge ^1" 11 h r h- t » {1
29 'Atoodland u h • k - 1. 11- _ -
Figure 2B. The pollen spectra from plant communities associated with swamps
within low frequency taxa. The Sample number (extreme left hand side) refers
to the sample in Table 1
vegetation from which it came. For example, the of Cyperaceae probably indicate swamps which are
Myrtaceae pollen content (Figs. 2A, 3A), is lowest more permanently waterlogged than swamps with
from swamp sites, intermediate from the dry-land high frequencies of Restionaceae. Both Selaginella
communities bordering the swamps and highest from and Gleichenia are found in wet places, on the edge
the woodland and forestsites away from the swamps, ofswamps and streams (PlantNet, 2007).
thus inferring a parallel approximate tree cover. The pollen of sclerophyllous shrub taxa (Figs
Swamp samples contain much higher pollen 2B, 3B) are usually found sporadically and in very
frequencies of Restionaceae and/or Cyperaceae than low frequencies, indicating under-representation and
the dry-land sites, although both of these families very localised distribution.
contain swamp and dry-land species. The species of These findings are in accord with other studies
Restionaceaerecorded inthevegetation (Appendix 1 of surface pollen assemblages which indicate very
are foundonwetandpoorly drainedsoils andindamp localised distribution of pollen (Dodson, 1983;
to wet heaths (PlantNet, 2007). Most of the species Kodela, 1990). Kershaw and Strickland (1990) found
ofCyperaceae, on the other hand, are found in fresh that, in a 10 year pollen trapping experiment, most
m
water swamps and swampy areas (Sainty and Jacobs, pollen came from within 10 ofthe trap.
1981; PlantNet, 2007), although one dry-land species These study sites are all contained within small
is also recorded (Appendix 1). Thus high frequencies valleys where some barrier impedes drainage of the
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 130, 2009 117
1
MODERN POLLEN DEPOSITION IN THE BLUE MOUNTAINS
-r-T-T T "T~r
rr T "H" '^l
'<^S
a- L 0)
o •o«D g aO TO9» oOo o
- 3 O 3 ' 3 3 ' a- »/'^*4
•on . 3 S" oS 3 5= - '''^'«. *«*'C>*
n 3 i o
o <5. '<::,
A 3 -OA fi) H
0) '^.'%
ro
p.
M
A
«
pr T-r~T
-^^^%
^
'^.
nr M
T -f -^-r-
< ^°^.
I '^.'%
X
T r
T-n- -T—T-
' '
1
''^o
*©
"^
T ~~^-7 "I I I n r r— .... ,' , ^ 'e^/
=^'"/?..
^^.
''©..
6r3e0 os' re" (3a ^S3.-r&e^< 3h"r*l
o 3 s -a
9 re ^
TS rf 3 3 Q,
I— C
C
0000 (S^ re O3" 2^ -ss -ofl
w> n re
o "1
&":1< a
re re 1^
re §
"-5 V) J1?
o ^
??> SB «
3 Tr3t"- o1^. -2Sr§3e "?
re r<e T ^ 3 S
r3t"- TrOe Vrel HH-Nrt=3* g2re
IsaS r&e9 &3i i re rt-
re t« I
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 130, 2009
118
CHALSON AND MARTIN
J.M. H.A.
Scale 20%oftotalcount
^"^ >^^ i
# P
^^ -^ S>
^ ^
Jj
Woodland lOar
4
9
14
IS-
IS
Woodland 10f/11a
29-
rr
30-
31 -
32-
[
OpenWoodland 11a
39-
i r
40-
\ V
Open forest lOag
5 '
^ —
41 :
\ 1 \
Open forest 91
_ —
42 -
r r
18
20 - - - ;
25
—
26 L - ^ 1 f*
Tall Open Forest 6c
35-
r
l[
36 h -
!
Open Forest lOf
37-
!^ r
38
Open Heath 21f, 21d, 21c
22
-h-
33.
Figure 3B. Pollen spectra associated with dry-land plant com-
munities within low frequency taxa. 1 The sample number
refers to the sample in Table 1. Codes for the vegetation map
units are from Keith and Benson (1988)
streamandmaintainsthe swamp (forafulldescription assemblage. Whilethismayhappen, ithasbeenfound
ofthe sites, see Chalson and Martin, this volume). It that very little pollen is transported into the site so
may be argued that pollen can be transported a long that the assemblage truly reflects the local vegetation
distance by a stream, to be deposited with the local (Chmura and Liu, 1990).
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 130, 2009 119
MODERN POLLEN DEPOSITION IN THE BLUE MOUNTAINS
Table 2. Pollen type name on the pollen diagrams (Figs 2, 3) and the probable source in the vegetation.
Name on the pollen diagrams Probable source in the vegetation and ecological inference.
2A and 3A From Plantnet (2007)
Podocarpus ProbablyPodocarpus spinulosus: sclerophyllous shrub/small tree
Pinus Pinus sp(p), Introduced: Pollen input from urban/forestry areas.
Angophora/Corymbia Species within the two genera: sclerophyll woodland
Eucalyptus/Melaleuca Species within the two genera sclerophyll woodland/forest
:
Melaleucastyphelioides Melaleucastyphelioides: moist stream bank habitat
Leptospermum/Baeckea Species within the two genera: ?mainly swamp communities
Tristaniopsis Tristaniopsis spp moist habitats in sclerophyll communities
:
Unindetified Myrtaceae All pollen types not identifiable further
Casuarinaceae Casuarina, Allocasuarina sp(p): A distyla and^. nana in this study
Native and exotic species in the family: open situations, dryland
Poaceae
and swamp species
Restionaceae All species in the family: swamp and dry land species
Cyperaceae All species in the family: swamp and dry land species
Selaginella All species in the genus: damp sites, edge ofswamp
Gleichenia Gleichenia sp(p): damp sites, edge ofswamp
Other fern spores Other ferns: many possible species
Names on 2B and 3B
Grevillea acanthifolia G. acanthifolia: sclerophyllous understorey
Grevillea Grevillea sp(p): sclerophyllous understorey
Hakea Hakea sp(p): sclerophyllous understorey
Persoonia Persoonia sp(p): sclerophyllous understorey
Symphionema montanum S. montanum: heath or dry sclerophyll forest
Banksia Banksia sp(p): sclerophyllous understorey
Proteaceae Othertaxa in the family sclerophyllous understorey
Acacia All species in the genus
Styphelia Styphelia sp(p): sclerophyllous understorey
Monotoca Monotoca sp(p): sclerophyllous understorey
Ericaceae Othertaxa in the family: sclerophyllous understorey
Rutaceae All taxa in the family: sclerophyllous understorey
Pimelea Pimelea sp(p): sclerophyllous understorey
Plantago Plantago sp(p): native and introduced herbs
Haloragis/Gonocarpus sp(p): Damp sites, sclerophyllous
Haloragis
understorey
Asteraceae/Liguliflorae Fenestrate-grained taxa in the subfamily Liguliflorae: herbs
Asteraceae/Tubuliflorae Echinate-grained taxa in the subfam. Tubuliflorae: shrubs and herbs
Chenopodiaceae Ruderals, salt tolerant
120 Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 130, 2009