MODERN ANTENNA HANDBOOK Editedby Constantine A. Balanis A JOHN WILEY &SONS, INC., PUBLICATION MODERN ANTENNA HANDBOOK MODERN ANTENNA HANDBOOK Editedby Constantine A. Balanis A JOHN WILEY &SONS, INC., PUBLICATION Copyright©2008byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved. PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc. PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorby anymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,orotherwise,exceptaspermitted underSection107or108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withouteitherthepriorwritten permissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpaymentoftheappropriateper-copyfeetothe CopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,(978)750-8400,fax(978) 750-4470,oronthewebatwww.copyright.com.RequeststothePublisherforpermissionshouldbe addressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030, (201)748-6011,fax(201)748-6008,oronlineat http://www.wiley.com/go/permission. LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandauthorhaveusedtheirbesteffortsin preparingthisbook,theymakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompleteness ofthecontentsofthisbookandspecificallydisclaimanyimpliedwarrantiesofmerchantabilityorfitnessfora particularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedbysalesrepresentativesorwrittensalesmaterials. Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitableforyoursituation.Youshouldconsultwitha professionalwhereappropriate.Neitherthepublishernorauthorshallbeliableforanylossofprofitorany othercommercialdamages,includingbutnotlimitedtospecial,incidental,consequential,orotherdamages. Forgeneralinformationonourotherproductsandservicesorfortechnicalsupport,pleasecontactour CustomerCareDepartmentwithintheUnitedStatesat(800)762-2974,outsidetheUnitedStatesat(317) 572-3993orfax(317)572-4002. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynot beavailableinelectronicformats.FormoreinformationaboutWileyproducts,visitourwebsiteat www.wiley.com. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData: Balanis,ConstantineA.,1938– Modernantennahandbook/ConstantineA.Balanis. p.cm. Includesindex. ISBN978-0-470-03634-1 (cloth) 1. Antennas(Electronics) I. Title. TK7871.6.B3542008 621.382(cid:2)4—dc22 2007050162 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10987654321 Tomyteachers,students,colleagues,relativesandfriends CONTENTS PREFACE xi CONTRIBUTORS xv PART I INTRODUCTION 1. FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS AND DEFINITIONS FOR ANTENNAS 3 ConstantineA.Balanis PART II ANTENNA ELEMENTS 2. WIRE ELEMENTS: DIPOLES, MONOPOLES, AND LOOPS 59 CynthiaM.Furse,OmP.Gandhi,andGianlucaLazzi 3. APERTURE ANTENNAS: WAVEGUIDES AND HORNS 97 ChristopheGranet,GraemeL.James,andA.RossForsyth 4. MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS: ANALYSIS, DESIGN, AND APPLICATION 157 JohnHuang 5. REFLECTOR ANTENNAS 201 WilliamA.Imbriale 6. FREQUENCY-INDEPENDENT ANTENNAS: SPIRALS AND LOG-PERIODICS 263 HisamatsuNakano 7. LEAKY-WAVE ANTENNAS 325 DavidR.JacksonandArthurA.Oliner 8. RECONFIGURABLE ANTENNAS 369 GregoryH.HuffandJenniferT.Bernhard 9. WIDEBAND AND TRAVELING-WAVE ANTENNAS 399 LotfollahShafaiandSimaNoghanian 10. SMALL AND FRACTAL ANTENNAS 475 StevenR.Best vii viii CONTENTS PART III ARRAYS AND SYNTHESIS METHODS 11. ARRAYS AND SMART ANTENNAS 531 GeorgeV.TsoulosandChristosG.Christodoulou 12. WIDEBAND ARRAYS 581 WilliamF.Croswell,TimDurham,MarkJones,DanielSchaubert,PaulFriederich, andJamesG.Maloney 13. SYNTHESIS METHODS FOR ANTENNAS 631 WarrenStutzmanandStanislavLicul PART IV STRUCTURES AND TECHNIQUES RELATED TO ANTENNAS 14. ANTENNA APPLICATIONS OF NEGATIVE REFRACTIVE INDEX TRANSMISSION-LINE (NRI-TL) METAMATERIALS 677 GeorgeV.EleftheriadesandMarcoA.Antoniades 15. ARTIFICIAL IMPEDANCE SURFACES FOR ANTENNAS 737 DanielF.Sievenpiper 16. FREQUENCY-SELECTIVE SCREENS 779 ThomasCwik 17. MEMS INTEGRATED AND MICROMACHINED ANTENNA ELEMENTS, ARRAYS, AND FEEDING NETWORKS 829 BoPan,JohnPapapolymerou,andManosM.Tentzeris 18. FEED ANTENNAS 867 TrevorS.Bird 19. NEAR-FIELD SCANNING MEASUREMENTS: THEORY AND PRACTICE 929 MichaelH.FrancisandRonaldC.Wittmann 20. ANTENNA MEASUREMENTS 977 ConstantineA.BalanisandCraigR.Birtcher 21. ANTENNA SCATTERING AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 1035 OrenB.Kesler,DouglasPasquan,andLarryPellett PART V ANTENNA APPLICATIONS 22. INTEGRATED ANTENNAS FOR WIRELESS PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS 1079 YahyaRahmat-Samii,JerzyGuterman,A.A.Moreira,andC.Peixeiro
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