Mihai Golu - Psihologie. Manual cls X - ED. ECONOMICA 2000

193 Pages·05.782 MB·193\193

GOLU PAIS-LAzAREscu
Mihai Mihaela
PSIHOLOGIE
ClaasX a- a
Manuaall uolsa tp rodbeaM ti nistEedruuf:laS fiCi eeric etarii
priOnr dimniunli stnrru4.1l 0u9di i 5ni ul2i00e0
Referemnettio dico-�tiintifici:
prf.ouniv..Nd ircolMIaeTR OFA-UNni veresiaBt uacture�ti
prograf.d I CornelNiuOV A C-C olegNiautli o,naJl/ eVfealnoC vraaino"v,a
Cotnbriutaiuatl oo:rr i
prof.uniMvi.hd�raG. O!1L-cap1. 1-62;2 - 24
PAI�_-LAZARESCU
progfr.a Id M ihaela cap.1 7- 21
-
RedactMoirh:a iM ILCA
CopertAdar:i anPaO PESCU
Reviztieex Dto:i naC ALIN
Proces�aitr eehn oredacctoamrpeu teriEzlaetnaMa:I L EA
Copyrig©h tE diturEac onomicPar euniversi2t0ar0i0a ,
ISBN9 73-99742-9-5
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DesrcierCeIaPa B iblioNtaetciioin ale
MIHAl
GOLU.
Psiholmoagniuaelp: e ntcrlua asX a- a Golu,
/M ihai
Pai��Lazar-Beuseeuur,e :�E tdii tuEreao nomieii­
Mihaela
Preunivers2i0tar0i0a,
192 24e m.
p. ;
Bibliogr.
ISBN9 73-99742-9-5
Pai�-Lazareseu,
I. Mihaela
159.9(075.35)
CUPRINS
Cuvdnitn ai.n.t...e. .................... ............... .7
. .. . . . ........ . .......... ............ ........ ..... ............
Capitolul1
Ohiepcstiuhlo logiei . 9
.............................................................................................
1.Co orodn aties torice . 9
......................................................................................
2.Pr incipmaolmeelnet iene voluptsiiah olocga�i teiii nta 10
.............................
Capitolul2
Psihciocpm,o rtamaecntti,v. i.t.a.te. ........................1..5... ........... ............................
I.No tiundeeap sihic .15
.....................................................................................
2N.o tiundeeac omportament . . .20
......................................................................
3.No tiundeeaa ctivitate.. . ... . . 22
...................... ................................... ................
Capitolul3
Bazemleet ooldogailcceeu nao!jtpersiiio hgoilc.e. ........ 24
..... .......... ......................
1.Sp ecificcuunlo a�tpesriihio logice. . . . 24
..........................................................
2.Me todeplsei hologiei. 25
.................................................................................
3.Ti purcielrec etpasriihio logice 32
....................................................................
Capitolul4
Siesmtupls ihuimca n . ...... .. . . 34
......................... ......................................................
1C.a racterizarea p gseinheircauulmlaau ni. .................3.4.. ..............................
2.Ps ihiucmualn c as iste.m 35
.............................................................................
3.St ructmuordau lar-ieraas rihsitceam pusliuhiui mca n 38
................................
4.Cl asificcaormepao nentseilsotre mpusliuhio comportamental. 54
..................
Capitolul5
Senziial(e 46
.............................................................................................................
I.D efinitie. Caracterizgaernee rpasliah ologica .64
............................................
2.Ca litasteinlzea ti.i.lo.r. .........................................7.4. ............................... .....
3.Se nsibiliAtnaatleiaz.a tcoamr eucla niaslms enzat.i.e.i. ........4.8. .................
.
4.Le gisleen sibilitatii . . 50
....................................................................................
5P.r incipmaoldeallei dteas tein za.tii . 53
...........................................................
Psiholocgliaesa aX -a
4
Capitolul6
Perce.p....,...i...a.... .............................................................................................5. .7
1.De finitCiaer.a cterpisziahroel oggeincear a.l.a. .............5..7. ..........................
2.Fa zepleer cep.t..i...e...i... .........................................................................5. 8. ..
3.Le gile geanlepere arlcee pt...i..e....i... .......................................................6.0.
4.Fo rmele complpeexrec eapl.te.i .e.i... .......................................................6. 2.
5O.b serva�tisi pai ridteou bls erv.a...t...i...e.. .................................................6. 4
6.I1 uziIimlpel.i captriaiclte.i. ..c...e.. ............................................................6.4.
Capitolul7
Reprezen.t...a....r....e...a.... .................................................................................6.6.
1.Re prezentcaapr reoac �eisi magine misnetcaulnad a.r.a. ......6.6. ...................
2C.l asificraerperae zent..a...r..i...l...o...r... ......................................................6 8
3.Ro lurle prezentianar citliovri .t.a.t.e. .................6..9. ......................................
Capitolul8
Giinidrea . .... .... ....... .......7. 1
...................................................... . ......... ..... ....... ........ .
1.In tele�cipt ruolc espeslieh iscuep erio...a...r...e... ..................................... 7.1. .
2.De finil�iica a racterigsetniecriaalllegee a ndirii.
Locuelii ns istepmsuilh uimca n. ...............................................................7 3
3S.t ructpusriah oloignitceama ag andirii . ..... ......7 4
.................... ..... .................
4.Ga ndirceoan verge�nigt aan dirdeiav erge.n.t.a. ............7.9.. ..........................
5G.a ndirceapa r ocdesei ntele.g..e...r...e... .................................................... 80
6.Ga ndirceapa r ocdeser ezolvaap rreo blemel..o..r. .... . . 81
... ..... .......................
7.Ti pologgainad i.r.i.i. ...........................................8..2... ...................................
Capitolul9
Limjbuavle rb.a.l. .........................84. ......................................................................
1.Pr eciztiierrim inolo.g.i.c.e. ..:. ........................................... ...........................84
2C.a racteri�sift uinccillIieii mlbea jvuelrubi.a ...l.. ........................................8 6
3V.e rigfiulnec tioanlaleli em baju...l..u....i. ................................................... 87
4.Fo rmelliem bajvuelrubi..a ...l... ....................................................................8 8
Capito1l0u l
Memoria 92
...............................................................................................................
1.De finit�iice a ractergieznaerrea la ... .. 92
........................ .................................. ...
2.Fo rmemleem ori..e...i... ................................................................................ 96
3.Ed ucabilimteamtoerai. e...i... ....................................................................1 01
4.Ui tarea . . . . . . 103
.................................................................................................
Capito1l1u l
Imagai,ni...a.... .................................................................................................. 105
I.De finit�iice a ractergieznaerrea.. .l...a... ................................................... 1.05
2.Fo rmeliem aginatiei . . .... 106
.................................................................. ..........
3P.r ocedeiemlaeg ina..t..i...e...i... .................................................................1 07
PsiholcolgaaisX e-a a 5
Capito1l2u l
Aten(ia . 10 9
..............................................................................................................
1.De finitEivei.d enctoam portameana ttaeUnit .i.ei. .. 109
... .................................
2.Fo rme�lieg radealtee ntiei II0
...............�.. . ......................................................
3C.a litaattielnet eideuic;a rleoar . . 111
...............................................................
4.Ti puirnid ividduuaplaae t entie . .1 12
...............................................................
Capito1l3u l
Voin(a 114
................................................................................................................
ID.e finitCiaer.a cterpisziahroel oggeincear .a..l .a.............1..1.4. ............... ........
2.Fa zele actului voluntar 115
..............................................................................
3A.u tomatis�midu elp rinderile . 117
...................................................................
4.Li bertdaetv eoai nta 120
..................................................................................
Capitol4u l1
A/ectivi.ta.te.a . ..... .......... 122 "
...................................... .............. . ... ............................
I Definit�iice a ractergieznaerrea la . .. 122
.' ..........................................................
2.Trasatudrebi alzea al e procaefseecltoirv e 124
................................................
3C.l asificparroecae sealfoerc ti.ve . . . 125
............................................................
4.Di mensiugneenae taia cfae ctivit.atii . .127
......................................................
5.Lo cu�lir ollualtuermioit ioniansl ter uctaufreac tivit.a..tii.. 128
.... ................
6.Ex preseimioltei on�aifl uen ctlioirl e . . . . 129
....................................................
7T.e orpirii vind proedmuocteirielao r 132
..........................................................
Capitolul15
Motiva{ia 134
........................................................................................................... ..
I.De finit�iice a ractergieznaerrea.. .l...a... ....................................................1 34 >"
2.Ro lu�lif unctiile motivatiei .. .. . 136
................................................... ..............
3R.e latdiian tsrtea rdeeam otiva�tipi oes ibilidtesa atteias facere.
FrustraRreefau.l arReeap.r imarea. . . . . .. 137
.....................................................
4.Op timumul motivational . 183
..........................................................................
5N.i veluri str�uitc itpuudrreami lo et ive . .... 139
.................................. ...............
Capitlo1l6u
Activitate.a ..... . 142
.................... ................................................................................
ID.e finit�iice a ractergieznaerrea l.a. . .... . 142
....................................... ..............
2.St ructaucrtai vitatii . :. .........1.43. .........................
.............................................
3F.o rmealcet ivitati.i 145
....................................................................................
Capitolul17
PesToniatlatea . 148
...................................................................................................
I.Pe rsonalitarteeaal iptsaitheo logica 148
- 0 .....................................................
2.Eu lc af actaolpr e rsonali.tatii ... . . .150
.............................................................
3D.i mensiaulnpeie rsonalitatii 151
....................................................................
Psiholcolgaais eaX -a
6
Capito1l8u l
b Temperamueln t .. .,. ...............................1...55... ........................ ..
.............................
1.Te mperamenltautlu dr-ian amico-energetidi a pe.rs.o1n55al itatii
.......... ......
2.Ti polotgeimip eramen.tale. . ......165
........................................................ .... ....
Capito1l9u l
Jl Creativi.tat.ea .. ......... . .1.6 0
............................................ .......... ................................
I.Cr eativi-tcaadt eiam ensiaup neer sonali.t.a..tii . 160
.... .................................
Capito2l0 ul
:�A ptitudi..nile .......... . ... 164
.... .................................. . . ...................................... ..........
I.De limictoanrcie pt.uale. ... 164
..........................................................................
2.Cl asificaaprteiat udinilor 166
..........................................................................
3.In telig-ecnaat pat itugdeinneer ala . ...........1 67
.................................. ..... . ......
Capito2l1 ul
" Caracterul 17 0
..........................................................................................................
1.De limictoanrcie ptuale 170
..............................................................................
2.St ructcuarraa cterului 172
................................................................................
Capito2l2 ul
Constr#u dce,vzioal tpaerresaao lintii,ii 176
..........................................................
I.Pe rsonalictasa itsetaee vmo luctuia vu toorgani.zare 176
................................
2.Pr incipeatlaeplieend evenipreeras onalitatii .1 80
...........................................
3.Fa ctodreiziv oltpaerrisio nali.tatii 181
.............................................................
Capito2l3 ul
Comportamesnotcuila .l. .. ...1.8 4
.......................... .................................................. .
1D.e finit�iice a ractergieznaerrea la . . 184
...........................................................
2.St atu�tiru oll -uiln dicaatico ormip ortamenstoucliuail 186
..........................
3.Re laliinat erpers-ocnaadlroaub iecdteic vo nstr�uiim roed elare
a.comportamesnotcui.l.au.li . . 187
...................................................................
Capito2l4 ul
Problceomnevt errosianpt sei ohgoile 190
..............................................................
1S.u rs�eip roblegmeen eratdoead riev ergeinnpt sei hologie 190
......................
2.Un itamteet odolo�giid ciav ersitteamtaet iincp as ihologie 192
......................
CUVA NTi NAINTE
Manualudle psiholopgeinet rcul asaa X-a,i ntr-o
Jormulan oua,i mbunatafliattaa d e celep recedente,
raspunzdcnedr in{eplroorc esudleui in strumiordee rneas,t e
menicta ,p ep arcursaunli lodrel iceiun c ares ed esJa�oara
studiduilv erse�ltoiri nstoec ialseac, o ncurleaJ ormar�eia
modelaregad ndiraiuit onomep,o ziti�vie creatoaar e
tinerilionrc ,o ndi{imialnei Jestlairebir ie a personalita{ii
lor.
Manualulr aspunded eopotriuvnae i nevoid e
cunoa�tedree a,s imilaar uen o r informai,nidii spensabile
omulucio ntemporcadnt�, i e xigen{efloorrm atipveec areI e
presupuinnes eraraeram onioaas ian dividuilnsu oic ietate,
in virtutuenao ro p{iunmio,t ivat�iii d isponibildiet afi
ac/iubnien Jeu ndamentate.
Structurmaa nualulucio respunduen ui demers
sistema�tiii nct egradteop rr ezenta�riae s,i milaorreg anzca
a principalneol{oiru tneio reti�ciae ,b azelmoert odologice
alep sihologiei.
Universpusli hicuulmuains er elevaas tJseulb d i/erite
Ja/etJee,n omene�lipe r oceseslpee ci/Jiicien sdu rprincsue
ajutoruunlo rn o{iuni-cchuemis eu,n ts:e nzatpiear,c eplia,
reprezentagrdenad,i relai,m bajumle,m oriai,m aginalia,
atentiav,o in/aa,J ectivitamtoetai,v atiaac,t ivitatea,
personalitatteemap,e ramentcurle,a tivitaaptteiat,u dinea,
caracterul.
Toatea cetse aJ urnizeaezlae mentedlee n atursaa
permitac unoa$terreeaa litatiplsoirh icep,r ecum� i
autocunoa$tcearreaac teristpisciihliopcrre o pritii nerilor
inJ ormare.
Psilhoogcilea-as a
8 X-a
In cuprinsmualn ualfiuil elevvioir i dentifriecpae rele
teoret�iicp er actiicnet emeicuiilr orvao rp uteau,l terior
sii-�giii seascliio culi n sistemruell aliiploozri ticvue
ceilalsliidi o,b andeascmiia im arei ncredeirnse i nes,ii -�i
0
valorifciactem ai biner esurseclree ati�viep otenlialul
propriuc,o nfigurandu-p�eir sonalietcahtiel ibr�ait ii
0
dezvoltpaetm iiu ltipplleau nr i.
In tratarperao blematitceioir etiscuen ti mbinate
modalitiiltirlaed iliodnea leex punerdei dacti(cdiie finilii,
explicarteear menileovri,d enlieprreian cipal�ecloolr�i i
orientiiirnid ezvoltaprseiah ologciae �it iinslciih,e me�i
exemplificiicriiir)o,r aI i se asociazmiie todea ctive,
stimulatpievnet reul evis,i mulandus-isteu alii-problemii,
priinn treb�iiirr iii spunscuera in treneraezf/iie cliinat,u ilia,
capacitadteoe bas erva�riae s ociadleii ad ei.
Manualuels ter odulu neiv al.orifmiicniiurlii oaas e
unuib ogatm ateriadle studidui nc ampulp sihologiei
ciasicleac, a res ea daugriie ferinplreilvei cnedl mea in oi
cuceritreio retice, expe�riid meesncthaildeeo rpielrea tdee
psiholocgoinat emporianno iir izonctuunlo a�tuemrainie .
Lecturpae c arep rezentmualn ual prilejuicee�ltoer
0
ce studiapzsiii hologiinal iceeus ten u numaip e deplin
instructciiv ii�,i incitangtriia,l imea nieredii rectdee
adresarset,i lulaulie r�ti a ccesibilimteiislajiuil oufie rit,
astfeiln caeta poatfei b enefiactiia tp entreul evcia t�,i
pentraul tcea tegodreic ii titori interesali.
Autorii
I"we•' 1 ttt"t· . ' i ' "
OBIECPTSUILH OLOGIEI
e
, 'XCt ' rf'M H ,. mn ewt' eM' 22% f&tK"·*Wr·'ta�h'n'"
1.C oodroanties torice
Se spunep,e b unad reptactaep ,s iholoegsitafe o arvteec hcea p reocupaa re
omuludie a sec unoa��tiei ntelepgees inseu ba spectsuilm titrriaii,er mioit ionale,
gandirvioii,n t�eiai l c qnduiitner ie latciuil luem eac,uc eilasletmie ndia,r e stfeo arte
tanacraa� tii"nitnad ependuennatna"ir me cunoscAusttaf.ed li,np uncdte v ederies toric,
cunoa�tpesriehao logpiuctae imm paritnti r emia reit apsea up erioade:
0
a)e tapprea� nttiiifica;
b)e tafipolas ocfia;
c)e ta�ptai in.t ifica
a)E tappare �itnitisfieic nati nidnet mroem entiunlc arei,nc urseuvlo lutsiaelie
istoroimcuel,a incepsuatd evincao n�tideens ti nec,o ncomitceuni tn trebparriiv ind
existe�nimt ia� caroebai ecte�lifo ern,o menedlionnr a tuirnac onjuraetlot arreec,a� nild a
formulaurnoe rai ntreblaergia dtees ined,el ocusla ui nu ni verdse,d estisnauuld, e
trasatufruinlcet,i� iicl aep acitsaatlipels ei hiRcaes.p unsulraia lsee menienat rebaaur i
imbracfaotr ma upnaorre rrie,p rezen�tica rreid inntaei v-misbtaizcaetp,ee a dmiterea
existe�niit nevio caurnoi rif orstuep ranatuirnavIiez,id bein laet,u orcau ltmai,s teri0oa sa.
primcao ncepdteia ec esftep lo ardtean umirdeeaa nismmi.
Peb azcae rcetaarnitlroorp olcoogmipcaer ast-epa,u tustt abcialp ie ntarnui mism
estcea racteraidsmtiitceamr aeiam ultor a(nsiumflee tuen)s :u flte-vicaatrpeaii rase�te
corpiunlt impuslo mnul�uici a latorpee�a tlett ea ramuirnit,a lnincduua -istseeu flet�ei,
care caduutpaam, o artea omuulnua il,ct o rp, putandi nag ceenseatrnaau mibtoel uin;
sufletm-buarc arien sotec�otrep iunls tadreev eghuen;s uflerte flaelcx o rpulcuairn,ee
apare cnaepn rdi viinma pas aui no biecstter aluciutnos auflreet;-u nclceauree s te·comun
omulu�iia nimalesluoflre,ct a raen treneaczoam unitdaetd ee st�iinc hiadre a numite
0
insu�fiizriicc eo mportamentale.
b)P eriofialdoas oifincceap ed atcau f ormarmeaar ilsoirs tefimleo sofiicne
0
antichittaartze(iase e VcI -Va.e .n�.i)t inpea nai nm omentcualn da rel ocd esprinderea
psiholodgeifil eois ofie� ic onstitueiiir ned ai scipdleis nian e-stat(a81to7a9rS)ep .re
deosebidree e tapaan terioianrc aa,d ruelt apefiil osoficceu,n oa�teprseiah olcoa
�
dobandeu�ntc ea racter riguros sis�tiae rmgautmieznaEttaa,s t e.m l eongtiicin nes laau n
10 PsiJlOlocgliaes-aa -Xa
niveslp eculativ fifiodnr Imiapls,di etu an suporfta pticco,n creftu,r nidzeam te tode
obiectdiecv eer cetCaurmeg .a ndirfielao sofisc-asa t ructiundr oautam odelaen tagon-ice
modelmuatlei ral(imsatte reisat uen icuiln cepaulte xiste�nitf eaic tporri mordial,
determincaonnt�,t iignatnad,i rfieian df actor se�icd uenrdi v�aiti )d ea(lsipsirti tul,
con�tieisnttfeaa ctporri �mi d eterminainatmr,a terliuac,r urmialtee ri-aflaec tsoerc und,
deriv�aitc )u,n oa�tpesriehao loag diocbaa ndit atdremi bautteurl isaaluii edsatla.ii snt a
prima varianptsai,h iecsutlce o nsidefrenaotm ednen atumraat eri(adleea x emplpue:n tru
Epic�uirD emocrsiutfl,e teusltf eo rmadti na tomsif eriinczie stcruav tiit efzoaa rmtaer e­
atomfioic ulpuein;t rreup rezentmaatnetarilsiimi uluviu lgBaUr chneVro,g t� iM olechott,
gandirea seismtpel a seac crreetiieer uilnuv ii)z.i unceeal edie a douav aria(ncteea
0
iedalisptsaii)huc le stuen f enomedne n atursap iritiumaaitae,r (idaele ax emplpue,n tru
Platosnu,fl eteuslt ep roiecat uineus ip ritid ivini,a pre ntHreug eell,e steex preisediiia
0
universabasloel ute).
Indiferdeen otr ientalroerma a terialsiasuit dae alitsotaat,mea rilleu cra�rii
sistefimleo sofice includ� isc eacptiitcuoonlmiep acte condseasccrrait�eei ra inia lizei
fenomenelor pmsuilhtiedc ien,t raec estdeoav edindui-ns ees entlao rc orec�tie
compabtiliec ud ateelxep erimenutlatleer ioare.
c)E tap�at iinit�iaifir eci nac epuitnua ln u1l 87c9a,n dr enumistauvla n�ti
filosof geWrimlahne lWmu ndtp unel,aL eipzbiagz,e plrei mulluaib oradteop rs ihologie
experimenAtcaelsaet.v enimean itn trianta naleiltseo riceai a ctudle na�tearle
psiholocgai� etii iinntdae pendeEnIst -aap. r odupse f onduuln ori mpotrivveihreim ente
dinp arat neu n umaai majoritfialtoisio fivlroerm ii,c i� ia reprezentaunntoir�l tiointre
poziticvaers,eu stiniempaous biiitlataeap licianrs itiu diul fenopmseinheialc moeer t odei
experimentau loupie,r iaoltri de masurare-cuantai fipcraorcee,d eesltoart istico­
matematdiecp er eluc�riaa rnea liaz daa tleo ra, c riteroibiileiocvrtti aitiW.u ndta r eu�siat
demonstrceaz pes hioloag ipoatdee veni �tiinetxap erimen�tiao lbai ectiivraa ,
0
cercetarreiallei zualttee riinoc ra drlualb oratosrauual uuc io nfirmaacte sltu crFuo.a rte
repedaec,t ivitlaatbeoraa toar duelvuein ciutn osciunti an trelaugmae l,aL epizivge nind
pentsrpue cialriezparreez endtiannn utmie roatsaerd ii nE urop�aiA mericLaa.s curtmtip
aui ncpuets ai afi intlaa borat�oiac reen tdreec ercetpasrieh oloigniS c.aU .AF.r,a nta,
RusiIan.R omanipar,i mulla boraptsoirh olosg-iaic n fiinltaaI ta �iin,1 893de,c atre
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ie�ea(nIa1n. 9 60,Co nstanRtaidnu lescu-Meoltearvlul ,u Wiu ndti,n fiintelaazbao ratorul
de psiohlogieex perimenltaaU lnai versitdaitnBe uac ure�itrai,,i n1 921,F lorian
�tetanescu-Goaa onrggaa nilzaabto ratdoerp usli holoegxipee rimenltaUa nliav ersitatea
dinC luj).
2.P rnicailpemloem neeti ne voultipsai hlooigecia§ itniit
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Dupac es -ad esprdinefis l osocfiea� tiiinnldae pendepnstiah,o loa ginirae gistrat
o dezvoltraarpeia dtaa ctaa reig eografiecaai ,mp unanduc-asa et arpeet oatceo ntinentele
�ii nt oatlea ricliev zialtiael el umii,c at� ic aa ctividteac teer cetSa-raecu.r eacte nt�rie
instistpuetcei aaluel ,u anta �tearseo actiiin ationale �i indteep rsniahtoiloo(ngiainle e
prezencte,ac arceo ordoneaacztai vitiandt oemae nieus tAes ociaItnitae rnatidoen ala