StudiesinDiplomacyandInternationalRelations GeneralEditors:DonnaLee,SeniorLecturerinInternationalOrganisationsandInternationalPoliticalEcon- omy,UniversityofBirmingham,UKandPaulSharp,ProfessorofPoliticalScienceandDirectorofthe AlworthInstituteforInternationalStudiesattheUniversityofMinnesota,Duluth,USA TheserieswaslaunchedasStudiesinDiplomacyin1994underthegeneraleditorshipofG.R.Berridge.Its purposeistoencourageoriginalscholarshiponallaspectsofthetheoryandpracticeofdiplomacy.Thenew editorsassumedtheirdutiesin2003withamandatetomaintainthisfocuswhilealsopublishingresearch whichdemonstratestheimportanceofdiplomacytocontemporaryinternationalrelationsmorebroadly conceived. Titlesinclude: JozefBatoraandNikHynek FRINGEPLAYERSANDTHEDIPLOMATICORDER The‘New’Heteronomy G.R.Berridge(editor) DIPLOMATICCLASSICS SelectedTextsfromCommynestoVattel G.R.Berridge,MauriceKeens-SoperandT.G.Otte DIPLOMATICTHEORYFROMMACHIAVELLITOKISSINGER HermanJ.Cohen INTERVENINGINAFRICA SuperpowerPeacemakinginaTroubledContinent CostasM.ConstantinouandJamesDerDerian(editors) SUSTAINABLEDIPLOMACIES AndrewF.Cooper(editor) NICHEDIPLOMACY MiddlePowersaftertheColdWar AndrewF.Cooper,BrianHockingandWilliamMaley(editor) GLOBALGOVERNANCEANDDIPLOMACY WorldsApart? Mai’aDavisCross THEEUROPEANDIPLOMATICCORPS DiplomatsandInternationalCooperationfromWestphaliatoMaastricht DavidH.Dunn(editor) DIPLOMACYATTHEHIGHESTLEVEL TheEvolutionofInternationalSummitry CharalamposEfstathopoulos MIDDLEPOWERSINWORLDTRADEDIPLOMACY India,SouthAfricaandtheDohaDevelopmentAgenda BrianHocking(editor) FOREIGNMINISTRIES ChangeandAdaptation BrianHockingandDavidSpence(editors) FOREIGNMINISTRIESINTHEEUROPEANUNION IntegratingDiplomats MichaelHughes DIPLOMACYBEFORETHERUSSIANREVOLUTION Britain,RussiaandtheOldDiplomacy,1894–1917 GaynorJohnson THEBERLINEMBASSYOFLORDD’ABERNON,1920–1926 ChristerJönssonandMartinHall ESSENCEOFDIPLOMACY DonnaLee MIDDLEPOWERSANDCOMMERCIALDIPLOMACY BritishInfluenceattheKennedyTradeRound DonnaLee,IanTaylorandPaulD.Williams(editors) THENEWMULTILATERALISMINSOUTHAFRICANDIPLOMACY MarioLiverani INTERNATIONALRELATIONSINTHEANCIENTNEAREAST,1600–1100BC JanMelissen(editor) INNOVATIONINDIPLOMATICPRACTICE SoftPowerinInternationalRelations THENEWPUBLICDIPLOMACY SoftPowerinInternationalRelations PeterNeville APPEASINGHITLER TheDiplomacyofSirNevileHenderson,1937–39 M.J.Peterson RECOGNITIONOFGOVERNMENTS LegalDoctrineandStatePractice,1815–1995 GaryD.Rawnsley RADIODIPLOMACYANDPROPAGANDA TheBBCandVOAinInternationalPolitics,1956–64 GaryD.Rawnsley TAIWAN’SINFORMALDIPLOMACYANDPROPAGANDA KarlW.SchweizerandPaulSharp(editors) THEINTERNATIONALTHOUGHTOFHERBERTBUTTERFIELD PaulSharpandGeoffreyWiseman(editors) THEDIPLOMATICCORPSASANINSTITUTIONOFINTERNATIONALSOCIETY RonaldA.Walker MULTILATERALCONFERENCES PurposefulInternationalNegotiation A.NuriYurdusev(editor) OTTOMANDIPLOMACY ConventionalorUnconventional? TarynShepperd SINO-USRELATIONSANDTHEROLEOFEMOTIONINSTATEACTION UnderstandingPost-ColdWarCrisisInteractions AndrewWilliams FRANCE,BRITAINANDTHEUNITEDSTATESINTHETWENTIETHCENTURY1900–1940 AReappraisal R.S.Zaharna BATTLESTOBRIDGES USStrategicCommunicationandPublicDiplomacyafter9/11 StudiesinDiplomacyandInternationalRelations SeriesStandingOrderISBN978-0–333–71495–9 (outsideNorthAmericaonly) Youcanreceivefuturetitlesinthisseriesastheyarepublishedbyplacingastandingorder.Pleasecontact yourbookselleror,incaseofdifficulty,writetousattheaddressbelowwithyournameandaddress,the titleoftheseriesandtheISBNquotedabove. CustomerServicesDepartment,MacmillanDistributionLtd,Houndmills,Basingstoke,HampshireRG21 6XS,England Middle Powers in World Trade Diplomacy India, South Africa and the Doha Development Agenda Charalampos Efstathopoulos AberystwythUniversity,UK ©CharalamposEfstathopoulos2015 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-1-137-38175-0 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorhasassertedhisrighttobeidentifiedastheauthorofthiswork inaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2015by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-47972-6 ISBN 978-1-137-38176-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137381767 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. For Panos, Anna and Lida This page intentionally left blank Contents Acknowledgements viii ListofAbbreviations ix Introduction 1 1 MiddlePowerDiplomacyinInternationalRelations 15 2 TheDohaDevelopmentAgenda,2000–1 43 3 TheMiddlePowerOffensive,2002–3 74 4 ANewLeadership,2004–5 103 5 TheInformalPhaseandCrisisManagement,2006–13 134 6 SouthernMiddlePowersinComparativePerspective 167 Notes 195 Bibliography 199 Index 213 vii Acknowledgements The research conducted for this book started in 2007 during my time at the University of Warwick, UK, and was completed in 2014 at Aberystwyth University, UK. I would like to thank Dominic Kelly, who supported me consistently throughout my studies, and Donna Lee, for hervaluableadviceondevelopingthisbookproject. viii Abbreviations ACP African,CaribbeanandPacificGroupofStates AGOA AfricanGrowthandOpportunityAct ANC AfricanNationalCongress AoA AgreementonAgriculture AU AfricanUnion BASIC Brazil,SouthAfrica,India,China BRIC Brazil,Russia,India,China BRICS Brazil,Russia,India,China,SouthAfrica CARICOM CaribbeanCommunity COMESA CommonMarketforEasternandSouthernAfrica CTD CommitteeonTradeandDevelopment DDA DohaDevelopmentAgenda DG DirectorGeneral(WTO) DTI DepartmentofTradeandIndustry,SouthAfrica FIPs FiveInterestedParties FTA FreeTradeAgreement GATS GeneralAgreementonTradeinServices GATT GeneralAgreementonTradeandTariffs GPA AgreementonGovernmentProcurement IBSA India,Brazil,SouthAfrica IMF InternationalMonetaryFund LDCs Less-DevelopedCountries LMG Like-MindedGroup MERCOSUR CommonMarketoftheSouth NAM Non-AlignedMovement NAMA Non-AgriculturalMarketAccess NEPAD NewPartnershipforAfrica’sDevelopment NGMA NegotiatingGrouponMarketAccess NIEO NewInternationalEconomicOrder S&D SpecialandDifferentialTreatment SAARC SouthAsianAssociationforRegionalCooperation SACU SouthernAfricanCustomsUnion SADC SouthernAfricanDevelopmentCommunity SMPs SouthernMiddlePowers SP SpecialProducts SSM SpecialSafeguardMechanism ix