Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technologies Modern UWB antennas and equipment

498 Pages·2008·20.19 MB·English

by  Edited by: Igor Minin

I
Microwave and Millimeter Wave
Technologies: Modern UWB
antennas and equipment

Microwave and Millimeter Wave
Technologies: Modern UWB
antennas and equipment
Edited by
Prof. Igor Minin
In-Tech
intechweb.org
Published by In-Teh
In-Teh
Olajnica 19/2, 32000 Vukovar, Croatia
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First published March 2010
Printed in India
Technical Editor: Sonja Mujacic
Cover designed by Dino Smrekar
Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technologies:
Modern UWB antennas and equipment,
Edited by Prof. Igor Minin
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-7619-67-1
V
Preface
Novel generation wireless system is a packet switched wireless system with wide area
coverage and high throughput. It is designed to be cost effective and to provide high spectral
efficiency . The 4th wireless uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, Ultra Wide
Radio Band and millimeter wireless and smart antenna. Highly directive, planar UWB
antennas are gaining more and more attention, as required in many novel and important
applications. With the release of the microwave and millimeter band, applications for short-
range and high-bandwidth different new devices are primary research areas in UWB systems.
Two different techniques for Directive Ultra-Wideband Planar Antennas were presented
throughout chapter 1: the operation of a novel bow-tie antenna with high front-to-back ratio
and directivity and a differential planar UWB antenna characterized by higher gain (more than
11 dB around 7 GHz) with respect to conventional printed radiators has been demonstrated.
The chapter 2 is timely in reporting the aspects of the conventional and state-of-the-art
antenna design in the UWB system. For example, design methods of the conventional UWB
antennas such as log-periodic dipole array are overviewed and the UWB antennas which
are recently researched are introduced. Also the principle and design methods to notch the
particular frequency band in UWB antenna are summarized
As it well known microstrip patch antennas have problems of low bandwidths. In the chapter
3 various ways to overcome this problem by using various matching techniques for numerous
patch antenna array schemes is show.
The recent progress in the development of UWB planar antenna technology has been reviewed
and some types of UWB metal-plate monopole antennas, UWB printed monopole antennas
and UWB printed slot antennas are described in the chapter 4.
In the chapter 5 design and implementation of a practical reconfigurable communication
system including an additive ultra wide band white Gaussian noise and delay lines in X-band
from 6 to 12 GHz with other necessary microwave parts as the test bed are introduced.
Also design and implementation procedures of all microwave parts such as ultra wideband
amplifiers, dividers, switches, drivers, gain controllers, generators, filters, delay components,
bias tee, transitions and etcetera are discussed.
Slot array antennas using rectangular waveguides were widely used based on their various
important capabilities in microwave telecommunications. In the chapter 6 detailed study of
polarization agility achievement in Annular Waveguide Slot Antennas (AWSA) are presented.
In an AWSA, the waveguide and the slots are all circularly oriented to fit the boundary.
VI
Far-field radiation pattern control has strong potential in smart antennas, wireless
communications and radar. Typical planned applications include multipath fading and
interference mitigation, data rate and coverage enhancement, etc. For implementing these
functionalities, either switch beam or reconfigurable Half-Power Beam-Width (HPBW)
antennas are required. In the chapter 7, the authors present different antenna concepts to
obtain reconfigurable radiation pattern capability in millimeter waves as follows: multibeam
antennas are demonstrated based on Butler matrices at 24 and 60 GHz, and reconfigurable
Half Power BeamWidth antennas are shown. Also a new technique is presented to shape
the radiation pattern of an antenna to achieve directive or sectorial beams. In this case, the
antenna design is based on an inhomogeneous lens fed by several sources.
In the chapter 8 author investigate the ring loop antenna for the UHF digital terrestrial
broadcasting. A ring loop antenna is excited by a simple and low-cost feeder system. The
broadband input impedance and the high gain are obtained in the calculation and the
measurement.
During the past few decades, there has been growing interest in the use of microwave and
millimeter wave radiometers for remote sensing of the earth. The chapter 9 addresses the
subject of antenna array design in aperture synthesis radiometers. Also a novel antenna array
is described, which is a sparse antenna array with an offset parabolic cylinder reflector at
millimeter wave band.
As it well known the antenna is an important element of communication, remote sensing and
radio-localization systems. The measurement of the antenna radiation pattern characteristics
allows to verify the conformity of the antenna. The different antenna measurement techniques
are reviewed in the chapter 10.
The interpretation of the radiated EMI measurement is a very complex problem due to many
disturbing influences affecting such a measurement. The antenna brings into measurement
additional errors, which increase measurement uncertainty. These errors and their effect
on the entire uncertainty of the measurement are investigated in the chapter 11 in case of
broadband Bilog antenna, a typical receiving antenna for radiated EMI measurement.
Over the past few years, a large number of pattern synthesis techniques of antenna arrays
have been studied and developed. In the chapter 12 authors study the influence of the sensor
directivity into the array beampattern, in order to test if the effects on the array pattern must
be taken into consideration in design methods of pattern array synthesis, and other array
design methods.
In the chapter 13, a brief introduction of mm-wave RoF system is given and the optical
techniques of generating mm-wave signals are presented. Unlike the conventional discussions
about mm-wave RoF systems focusing on the downlink only, the design of bidirectional mm-
wave RoF systems are also considered.
Rain-induced attenuation creates one of the most damaging effects of the atmosphere on
the quality of radio communication systems, especially those operating above 10 GHz. The
chapter 14 presents results that have thus far been acquired from an integrated research
campaign jointly carried out by researchers at Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember,
Indonesia and Kumamoto University, Japan. The research is aimed at devising transmission
strategies suitable for broadband wireless access in microwave and millimeter-wave bands,
especially in tropical regions.
VII
High-precision and high-temporal global rainfall maps are very important for scientific
studies for global water cycle and practical applications for water resources. The purpose of
the chapter 15 is to briefly describe the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation algorithm,
provide examples of rainfall maps from microwave radiometers.
Conventional metallic waveguides have several major advantages, including low propagation
losses and high power transmissions in the microwave frequency range. One disadvantage
of metallic waveguides is that the propagation frequency band is limited at frequencies
above the cutoff frequency. The chapter 16 introduces a system that uses a dual-frequency
band waveguide. Authors present the fundamental principles of this dual-frequency
band waveguide in which a dual in-line dielectric array is installed. It has been shown the
electromagnetic waves were propagated in a waveguide with dual in-line dielectric rods
made of LaAlO3 and without higher modes above the 2 cutoff frequencies.
In the chapter 17 authors propose a design method of a voltage-controlled oscillator using
on-chip coplanar waveguide (CPW) resonator thus replacing an LC-resonator at 5 GHz band.
It has been shown the advantages of employing CPW resonator is the wide frequency-tuning
range, and it also saves about 30% of chip size whereas the measured other performance of
the proposed oscillators are comparable to that of an oscillator using LC resonator. The design
technique is applicable for higher frequencies.
The microwave and millimeter wave broadband amplifier is importance for wideband
wireless communications operating within microwave frequency range. The chapter 18
provides the fundamental design concepts of broadband amplifier using the modern CMOS
technology. Various design techniques are introduced for achieving high performance
microwave broadband amplifiers. The main design considerations and current trends are also
discussed.
The chapter 19 illustrates the interferometric concept in quadrature down-conversion for
communication and radar sensor applications.
In the chapter 20 describe a new method for the analysis of passive waveguide components,
composed of the cascade connection of planar junctions. This new method extracts the main
computations out of the frequency loop, thus reducing the overall CPU effort for solving the
frequency-domain problem.
The fundamental theory permitting the synthesis of the negative group delay cell is described
in details in the chapter 21. A time domain study based on a Gaussian wave pulse response,
the physical meaning of this phenomenon at microwave wavelengths is also provided and
a new concept of frequency-independent active phase shifter used in recent applications are
described.
In the chapter 22, the authors summarize the design procedure of broadband MMIC high
power amplifiers. Some special considerations, as well as, experimental results are focused
on GaN technology.
Historically magnetrons were one of the first devices used to build radar systems. In the
last chapter 23 it has been shown that the utilization of recent advances in magnetron
manufacturing technology, the introduction of novel approaches in radar design as well as a
vast progress in digital signal processing technique result in a solid overall performance of the
magnetron based millimeter wavelengths radars.
VIII
It is expected the book will attract more interest in microwave and millimeter wave
technologies and simulate new ideas on this fascinating subject.
Editor:
Prof. Igor Minin
Novosibirsk State Technical University, Russia
[email protected]
IX
Contents
Preface V
1. Directive Ultra-Wideband Planar Antennas 001
A.-D. Capobianco, F.M. Pigozzo, A. Locatelli, D. Modotto, C. De Angelis,
S. Boscolo, F. Sacchetto, M. Midrio
2. Ultra-Wideband Antenna 019
Cheolbok Kim
3. Patch Antennas and Microstrip Lines 049
John R. Ojha and Marc Peters
4. UWB and SWB Planar Antenna Technology 063
Shun-Shi Zhong
5. A Complete Practical Ultra wideband Test Bed in X-Band 083
Gholamreza Askari, Khatereh Ghasemi and Hamid Mirmohammad Sadeghi
6. Novel Polarization-Agile Annular Waveguide Slot Antennas 109
Siamak Ebadi and Keyvan Forooraghi
7. Reconfigurable radiation pattern antennas in mm-waves 123
Olivier Lafond, M. Caillet, B. Fuchs and M. Himdi
8. Characteristics of High-Gain Wideband Ring Loop Antenna and its Application 145
Haruo Kawakami
9. Antenna Array Design in Aperture Synthesis Radiometers 169
Jian Dong and Qingxia Li
10. Antenna Measurement 193
Dominique Picard
11. The interference between ground plane and receiving antenna and its
effect on the radiated EMI measurement uncertainty 215
Mikulas Bittera, Viktor Smiesko, Karol Kovac and Jozef Hallon
12. Analysis of directive sensor influence on array beampatterns 229
Lara del Val, Alberto Izquierdo, María I. Jiménez, Juan J. Villacorta and Mariano Raboso
X
13. Millimeter-wave Radio over Fiber System for Broadband
Wireless Communication 243
Haoshuo Chen, Rujian Lin and Jiajun Ye
14. Measurement and modeling of rain intensity and attenuation for the design and
evaluation of microwave and millimeter-wave communication systems 271
Gamantyo Hendrantoro and Akira Matsushima
15. High-Temporal Global Rainfall Maps from Satellite Passive
Microwave Radiometers 301
Shoichi Shige, Satoshi Kida, Tomoya Yamamoto, Takuji Kubota and Kazumasa Aonashi
16. A Dual-Frequency Metallic Waveguide System 313
Yoshihiro Kokubo
17. Applications of On-Chip Coplanar Waveguides to Design Local Oscillators
for Wireless Communications System 329
Ramesh K. Pokharel, Haruichi Kanaya and Keiji Yoshida
18. Design Techniques for Microwave and Millimeter Wave CMOS
Broadband Amplifiers 345
Shawn S. H. Hsu and Jun-De Jin
19. MULTI-PORT TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS 363
Moldovan Emilia, Bosisio G. Renato, Wu Ke and Tatu Serioja O.
20. Wideband Representation of Passive Components based on Planar Waveguide
Junctions 389
Fermín Mira, Ángel A. San Blas, Vicente E. Boria and Benito Gimeno
21. Study and Application of Microwave Active Circuits with Negative Group Delay 415
Blaise Ravelo, André Pérennec and Marc Le Roy
22. Broadband GaN MMIC Power Amplifiers design 441
María-Ángeles González-Garrido and Jesús Grajal
23. Magnetron Based Radar Systems for Millimeter Wavelength Band – Modern
Approaches and Prospects 459
Vadym Volkov