Medical Waste Management : AIT

23 Pages·2006·0.71 MB·English

Medical Waste Management
Issues in Asia
C. Visvanathan
Environmental Engineering & Management Program
Asian Institute of Technology
Thailand
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[email protected]
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Web: http://www.faculty.ait.ac.th/visu/
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st Asia 3R Conference, 30 October – 1 November, 2006
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Contents of Presentation
(cid:57) Overview of Health Care Waste Management
(cid:57) Medical Waste Generation in Asia
(cid:57) Treatment Technologies and Disposal Issues
(cid:57) Legislations, Institutional and Policy Issues
(cid:57) Bangkok Metropolitan: Case Study
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si (cid:57) Scope of 3Rs in Medical Waste Management
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Overview of Health Care Waste Management
What is Health Care Waste?
Total waste generated by hospitals, healthcare establishments
and research facilities in the diagnosis, treatment,
immunization and associated research
Health Care Waste Characterization:
Non Risk Waste (75-90)%
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s Health Care Waste
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Risk Waste (10-25)%

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Overview of Health Care Waste Management
Chemical waste
Lab reagents,
Sharps
Disinfectants, solvents Pathological waste
Needles, infusions sets, Body parts,
Scalpels, knives, blades blood & other fluids
Genotoxic waste
Pressurized containers
Cytotoxic drugs,
Risky Waste Gas cylinders, Cartridges &
genotoxic chemical aerosol cans
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si Waste with high Infectious waste
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heavy metal content Lab Cultures, waste from isolation
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s Batteries, broken thermometers, wards, tissues, etc
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s Blood pressure gauges
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pharmaceuticals,

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Medical Waste Generation in Asia
Estimates of medical waste generation in some countries
Country Waste Total waste generation
generation (tons/year)
(kg/bed/day
Bangladesh 0.8 - 1.67 93,075 (only in Dhaka)
Bhutan 0.27 73
China - 730,000
India 1 - 2 330,000
Malaysia 1.9 -
Nepal 0.5 365
Pakistan 1.06 250,000
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Medical Waste Generation in Asia
(cid:153) 0.33 million tons/year in India
(cid:153) 0.25 million tons/year in Pakistan
(100 ton/day from Karachi alone)
General
healthcare
(cid:153) 2,000 tons/day in china
waste,
80%
(cid:153) 60,000 tons/year in Vietnam
Pathological
(cid:153) 255 tons/day in Dhaka alone & infectious
Chemical or waste, 15%
pharmaceut
(cid:153) 47 tons/day in Metro Manila
ical waste, Sharps, 1%
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s Healthcare waste composition in developing Asian countries
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Medical Waste Generation in Asia
2.5
2.24
1.9
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y
a 1.5
d 1.5
/ 1.16
d 1.06
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b 0.65
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g 0.36
0.5
K 0.25
0
Sri Lanka Pakistan India Dhaka Bhutan Thailand Malaysia Hanoi
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Estimated average healthcare waste generation in some Asian countries
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Treatment Technologies: Comparison
Treatment Technologies
Incineration Autoclave Microwave Chemical Plasma
Disinfection Pyrolysis
Investment/
Operating cost High Moderate High Low High
Suitability Not for All except All except
Of the waste radioactive Pathological cytotoxic, Liquid waste All
radioactive
Ease of
Operation No Yes Yes Yes No
Waste
Volume Significant Less Significant Significant
reduction
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Treatment Technologies & Disposal Issues
Wastes not segregated & disposed off
together with municipal solid waste
Mixing of hospital wastes with general
waste
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Lack of segregation is making
whole waste stream hazardous
No regulated disposal sites for medical
Waste
Open burning by clinics, dispensaries, &
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common method of treatment e.g,
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Treatment Technologies & Disposal Issues
(cid:153) Incinerators are old and poorly managed,
Lack of close monitoring & inadequate
maintenance creating threat to general
public
(cid:153) Operated more like a back-yard burner,
do not reach required temperature, &
lack control equipment to capture
targeted pollutants such as dioxins,
mercury, cytotoxic emissions
(cid:153) Inadequate ash treatment & handling
(disposed in municipal dumpsite)
(cid:153) Hospital waste incinerators, the biggest
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e (cid:153) Illegal transboundary movement
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hospital waste illegally exported to the
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