Medical and Veterinary Entomology PDF
Preview Medical and Veterinary Entomology
Medical and Veterinary Entomology This page intentionally left blank Medical and Veterinary Entomology Third Edition Edited by Gary R. Mullen Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States Lance A. Durden Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, United States Jonas G. King, Graphics Assistant Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom 525 B Street, Suite 1650, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, United States 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Exception to the above: Chapter 28: 2019 Published by Elsevier Inc. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-0-12-814043-7 For Information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher: Charlotte Cockle Senior Acquisition Editor: Anna Valutkevich Editorial Project Manager: Pat Gonzalez Production Project Manager: Punithavathy Govindaradjane Designer: Miles Hitchen Typeset by TNQ Technologies Contents Contributors xv 3. Arthropod Toxins and Venoms Preface xvii Acknowledgments xix Justin O. Schmidt Nature of Toxins and Venoms and Their Effects 24 Arthropod Venoms as Antimicrobial, Analgesic, 1. Introduction and Other Therapeutic Agents 28 References and Further Reading 29 Lance A. Durden and Gary R. Mullen General Entomology 1 4. Epidemiology of Vector-Borne Medical-Veterinary Entomology Literature 2 Diseases A Brief History of Medical-Veterinary Entomology 2 Christopher M. Barker and William K. Reisen Identification and Systematics of Arthropods of Components of Transmission Cycles 34 Medical-Veterinary Importance 4 Host Immunity 35 Types of Problems Caused by The Vertebrate Host 35 Arthropods 4 The Arthropod Vector 36 Annoyance 4 Modes of Transmission 37 Toxins and Venoms 5 Vertical Transmission 37 Allergic Reactions 5 Horizontal Transmission 38 Invasion of Host Tissues 6 Transmission Cycles 40 Arthropod-Borne Diseases 6 Interseasonal Maintenance 41 Food Contaminants 6 Vector Incrimination 42 Fear of Arthropods 7 Surveillance 43 Delusional Disorders 7 Emerging Vector-Borne Diseases 47 Formicophilia 8 New Tools 49 Host Defenses 8 References and Further Reading 49 Minor Arthropod Problems of Medical- Veterinary Interest 9 5. Forensic Entomology References and Further Reading 10 William L. Krinsky 2. Morphological Adaptations of History 51 Parasitic Arthropods Legal Cases Involving Liability 52 Nathan D. Burkett-Cadena Structural Entomology 52 Stored-Product Entomology 52 Body Shape and Wings 17 Occupational Hazards Associated With Mouthparts 17 Arthropods 52 Legs 19 Veterinary and Wildlife Entomology 52 Sensory Structures 21 Legal Cases Involving Homicides, Suspicious References and Further Reading 22 and Accidental Deaths, and Abuse 53 v vi Contents Sudden Death With Arthropod Association 53 Human Body Louse (Pediculus humanus Automobile-Accident Death 53 humanus) 87 Arthropods as Signs of Neglect or Abuse or as Human Head Louse (Pediculus humanus Agents of Murder 53 capitis) 88 Illicit Drug Transport, Use, and Overdose 53 Human Crab Louse (Pthirus pubis) 88 Suspicious Deaths 54 Lice of Veterinary Importance 89 Stages of Decomposition 54 Lice of Cattle 89 Insect Succession and Postmortem Interval 55 Lice of Other Livestock Animals 90 References and Further Reading 59 Lice of Cats and Dogs 92 Lice of Laboratory Animals 92 6. Cockroaches (Blattaria) Lice of Poultry and Other Birds 93 Public Health Importance 94 Richard J. Brenner and Richard D. Kramer Epidemic Typhus 95 Taxonomy 61 Louse-Borne Relapsing Fever 96 Morphology 61 Trench Fever 97 Life History 63 Other Pathogens Transmitted by Human Body Behavior and Ecology 64 Lice 98 Common Cockroach Species 65 Lice as Intermediate Hosts of Tapeworms 98 Oriental Cockroach (Blatta orientalis) 65 Veterinary Importance 98 Turkestan Cockroach (Blatta lateralis) 65 Lice of Livestock 98 American Cockroach (Periplaneta Lice of Wildlife 101 americana) 65 Lice of Cats and Dogs 101 Australian Cockroach (Periplaneta australasiae) 66 Lice of Laboratory Animals 102 Brown Cockroach (Periplaneta brunnea) 66 Lice of Poultry and Other Birds 102 Smokybrown Cockroach (Periplaneta Prevention and Control 102 fuliginosa) 67 References and Further Reading 104 Florida Woods Cockroach (Eurycotis floridana) 67 Brown-Banded Cockroach (Supella longipalpa) 68 8. True Bugs (Hemiptera) German Cockroach (Blattella germanica) 68 William L. Krinsky Asian Cockroach (Blattella asahinai) 69 Surinam Cockroach (Pycnoscelus Kissing Bugs (Reduviidae) 109 surinamensis) 69 Taxonomy 109 Public Health Importance 70 Morphology 109 Pathogenic Agents 70 Life History 111 Intermediate Hosts 72 Behavior and Ecology 111 Cockroach Allergies 73 Public Health Importance 112 Veterinary Importance 74 Veterinary Importance 118 Prevention and Control 75 Prevention and Control 118 Sanitation 75 Bed Bugs (Cimicidae) 119 Harborage Elimination 75 Taxonomy 119 Physical Control 75 Morphology 119 Biological Control 75 Life History 120 Insect Growth Regulators 76 Behavior and Ecology 121 References and Further Reading 76 Public Health Importance 122 Veterinary Importance 123 7. Lice (Phthiraptera) Prevention and Control 124 References and Further Reading 124 Lance A. Durden Taxonomy 79 9. Beetles (Coleoptera) Morphology 80 William L. Krinsky Life History 83 Behavior and Ecology 84 Taxonomy 129 Lice of Medical Importance 86 Morphology 129 Contents vii Life History 130 Murine Trypanosomiasis 165 Behavior and Ecology 130 Other Flea-Borne Pathogens and Parasites 165 Public Health Importance 131 Fleas as Intermediate Hosts or Vectors of Meloidae (Blister Beetles) 133 Helminths 165 Oedemeridae (False Blister Beetles) 134 Prevention and Control 166 Staphylinidae (Rove Beetles) 134 References and Further Reading 167 Tenebrionidae (Darkling Beetles) 135 Dermestidae (Larder Beetles) 137 11. Flies (Diptera) Scarabaeidae (Scarab Beetles) 137 Reid R. Gerhardt and Lawrence J. Hribar Coccinellidae (Lady Beetles) 137 Veterinary Importance 138 Taxonomy 171 Ingestion of Toxic Beetles 138 Morphology 173 Transmission of Pathogens 138 Life History 177 Intermediate Hosts of Parasites 139 Behavior and Ecology 177 Nest Associates and Ectoparasites 140 Families of Minor Medical or Veterinary Dung Beetles and Biocontrol 140 Interest 178 Prevention and Control 141 Tipulidae (Crane Flies) 178 References and Further Reading 141 Bibionidae (March Flies) 179 Sciaridae (Dark-Winged Fungus Gnats) 179 10. Fleas (Siphonaptera) Chaoboridae (Phantom Midges) 180 Corethrellidae (Frog-Biting Midges) 180 Lance A. Durden and Nancy C. Hinkle Chironomidae (Chironomid Midges) 180 Taxonomy 145 Rhagionidae (Snipe Flies) 182 Morphology 146 Athericidae (Athericid Flies) 182 Life History 148 Stratiomyidae (Soldier Flies, Latrine Flies) 182 Behavior and Ecology 149 Phoridae (Humpbacked Flies, Fleas of MedicaleVeterinary Importance 150 Scuttle Flies) 183 Human Flea (Pulex irritans) 150 Syrphidae (Flower Flies, Hover Flies) 184 Cat Flea (Ctenocephalides felis) 151 Piophiliae (Skipper Flies) 184 Dog Flea (Ctenocephalides canis) 151 Drosophilidae (Small Fruit Flies) 185 Oriental Rat Flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) 151 Chloropidae (Grass Flies, Eye Gnats) 185 European Rabbit Flea (Spilopsyllus cuniculi) 152 Public Health Importance 186 Sticktight Flea (Echidnophaga gallinacea) 152 Veterinary Importance 186 Chigoe (Tunga penetrans) 152 Prevention and Control 187 Northern Rat Flea (Nosopsyllus fasciatus) 153 References and Further Reading 188 European Chicken Flea (Hen Flea in Europe) (Ceratophyllus gallinae) 153 12. Phlebotomine Sand Flies and Moth European Mouse Flea (Leptopsylla segnis) 154 Flies (Psychodidae) Public Health Importance 154 Leonard E. Munstermann Flea-Associated Allergies 156 Plague 156 Taxonomy 192 Murine Typhus 159 Psychodinae 192 Other Flea-Borne Rickettsial Agents 161 Sycoracinae 192 Other Flea-Borne Pathogens 161 Phlebotominae 193 Bacteria 161 Morphology 193 Viruses 162 Psychodinae 193 Tungiasis 162 Phlebotominae 194 Fleas as Intermediate Hosts of Helminths 162 Life History 195 Veterinary Importance 163 Psychodinae 195 Flea Allergy Dermatitis 164 Phlebotominae 195 Tungiasis 164 Behavior and Ecology 196 Myxomatosis 164 Psychodinae 196 Squirrel Pox 165 Phlebotominae 196 viii Contents Public Health Importance 198 Veterinary Importance 251 Psychodinae 198 Bovine Onchocerciasis 252 Phlebotominae 198 Leucocytozoonosis 252 Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Disease 198 Other Parasites and Pathogens of Veterinary Chandipura Virus Disease 200 Importance 253 Sand Fly Fever 200 Simuliotoxicosis 253 Changuinola Virus Disease 201 Prevention and Control 254 Bartonellosis 201 Onchocerciasis Control 255 Leishmaniasis 202 References and Further Reading 256 Veterinary Importance 207 Leishmaniasis 208 15. Mosquitoes (Culicidae) Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Disease 208 Woodbridge A. Foster and Edward D. Walker Prevention and Control 208 Psychodinae 208 Taxonomy 261 Phlebotominae 209 Morphology 264 References and Further Reading 210 Life History 269 Behavior and Ecology 272 13. Biting Midges (Ceratopogonidae) Genetics 279 Public Health Importance 280 Gary R. Mullen and C. Steven Murphree Mosquito Bites 280 Taxonomy 213 Mosquito-Borne Viruses 280 Morphology 214 Togaviridae (Alphavirus) 283 Life History 215 Flaviviridae (Flavivirus) 287 Behavior and Ecology 216 Bunyaviridae (Orthobunyavirus and Public Health Importance 218 Phlebovirus) 297 Oropouche Fever 221 Malaria 300 Other Viral Agents 221 Filariasis 305 Mansonellosis 222 Veterinary Importance 310 Veterinary Importance 223 Mosquito-Borne Viruses of Animals 310 Bluetongue Disease 223 Nonhuman Malarias 312 Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease 225 Dog Heartworm 313 African Horse Sickness 227 Other Filarial Nematodes of Animals 314 Schmallenberg Virus 228 Prevention and Control 314 Other Viral Agents 229 Control of Pathogen Transmission 317 Blood Protozoans 229 References and Further Reading 317 Equine Onchocerciasis 230 Other Filarial Nematodes 231 16. Horse Flies and Deer Flies Equine Allergic Dermatitis 231 (Tabanidae) Prevention and Control 232 Bradley A. Mullens References and Further Reading 232 Taxonomy 327 14. Black Flies (Simuliidae) Morphology 329 Life History 330 Peter H. Adler and John W. McCreadie Behavior and Ecology 332 Taxonomy 237 Public Health Importance 336 Morphology 238 Loiasis 336 Life History 240 Tularemia 337 Behavior and Ecology 240 Other Tabanid-Transmitted Human Public Health Importance 243 Pathogens 338 Biting and Nuisance Problems 243 Veterinary Importance 338 Human Onchocerciasis 245 Surra and Related Trypanosomiases 338 Mansonellosis 250 Equine Infectious Anemia 339 Other Diseases Related to Black Flies 250 Anaplasmosis 339 Contents ix Elaeophorosis 340 18. Tsetse Flies (Glossinidae) Other Pathogens of Veterinary Importance 340 William L. Krinsky Prevention and Control 340 References and Further Reading 341 Taxonomy 369 Morphology 370 17. Muscid Flies (Muscidae) Life History 371 Behavior and Ecology 372 Roger D. Moon Public Health Importance 374 Taxonomy 345 African Sleeping Sickness 374 Morphology 346 Veterinary Importance 377 Life History 350 Nagana 377 Behavior and Ecology 351 Prevention and Control 379 Species of Medical-Veterinary Importance 353 References and Further Reading 381 House Fly (Musca domestica) 353 Bazaar Fly (Musca sorbens) 354 19. Myiasis (Muscoidea, Oestroidea) Bush Fly (Musca vetustissima) 354 Philip J. Scholl, Douglas D. Colwell, and Face Fly (Musca autumnalis) 354 Ramo´n Cepeda-Palacios Cluster Fly (Pollenia rudis) 354 Stable Fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) 354 Taxonomy 384 Horn Fly (Haematobia irritans irritans) and Morphology 389 Buffalo Fly (Haematobia irritans exigua) 355 Life History 390 False Stable Fly (Muscina stabulans) and Its Ecology and Behavior 392 Relatives 355 Myths 394 Little House Fly (Fannia canicularis) and Its Flies Involved in Myiasis 394 Relatives 355 Psychodidae (Moth Flies, Drain Flies) 394 Garbage Flies (Hydrotaea spp.) 356 Stratiomyidae (Soldier Flies) 394 Sweat Flies (Hydrotaea spp.) 356 Phoridae (Humpback Flies) 395 Bird Nest Parasites (Passeromyia spp., Phil- Syrphidae (Flower Flies, Hover Flies, ornis spp., and Protocalliphora spp.) 356 Rat-Tailed Maggots) 395 Public Health Importance 356 Piophilidae (Skipper Flies) 395 House Fly (Musca domestica) 357 Neottiophilidae (Nest Skipper Flies) 396 Bazaar Fly (Musca sorbens) 357 Drosophilidae (Pomace Flies, Vinegar Flies, Bush Fly (Musca vetustissima) 358 Fruit Flies, and Wine Flies) 396 Face Fly (Musca autumnalis) and Cluster Fly Chloropidae (Grass Flies and Australian (Pollenia rudis) 358 Frog Flies) 396 Stable Fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) 358 Anthomyiidae (Root Maggots) 396 False Stable Fly (Muscina stabulans) and Its Fanniidae (Faniid Flies) 396 Relatives 359 Muscidae (Dung Flies) 397 Little House Fly (Fannia canicularis) and Its Tropical Nest Flies 397 Relatives 359 Calliphoridae (Blow Flies, Carrion Flies, Garbage Flies (Hydrotaea spp.) 359 Floor Maggots, Nest Maggots, and Sweat Flies (Hydrotaea spp.) 359 Screwworms) 398 Veterinary Importance 359 Carrion-Associated Blow Flies 398 House Fly (Musca domestica) 360 Sarcophagidae (Flesh Flies) 401 Bush Fly (Musca vetustissima) 360 Oestridae (Bot Flies) 402 Face Fly (Musca autumnalis) 361 New World Skin Bot Flies (Cuterebrinae) 403 Stable Fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) 362 Old World Skin Bot Flies (Hypodermatinae) 406 Horn Fly (Haematobia irritans irritans) and Nose Bot Flies (Oestrinae) 407 Buffalo Fly (Haematobia irritans exigua) 363 Stomach Bot Flies (Gasterophilinae) 410 Sweat Flies (Hydrotaea spp.) 364 Other Oestroid Flies 411 Bird Nest Parasites (Philornis spp.) 364 Public Health Importance 411 Prevention and Control 364 Clinical Use of Maggots 412 References and Further Reading 366 Veterinary Importance 413
The list of books you might like
