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Routledge Critical Terrorism Studies MEDIATISED TERRORISM EAST-WEST NARRATIVES OF RISK Saira Ali Mediatised Terrorism This book offers an East-West comparative analysis of mediatised terrorism. This is the first country-specific analysis of the mediatisation of terrorism, with Pakistan and Australia representing the two worlds, respectively. Caught up in the 9/11 effect, Australia is known for its anti-terror hyper-legislation, despite the implausible nature of the threat. In contrast, Pakistan is plagued by terrorism, yet the military establishment favours a duplicitous policy of fighting militant groups selectively. To understand how the two diverse cultural sites, with their very different experiences of terrorism, make sense of this unpredictable threat, the book uses Beck’s World Risk Society theory as a conceptual framework to examine the production and construction of news narratives around the risk of terrorism in both countries through textual analysis of local news stories and in-depth interviews with Australian and Pakistani journalists. Narratives about global terrorism are mostly Western, with fear of its impact on Western democracy and civilisation. This book aims to fill the gap and present a nuanced understanding of global terrorism by examining the characteristics of the phenomenon in a Western as well as an Eastern location and the ways in which the risk of terrorism is being played out in the two worlds. This book will be of much interest to students of critical terrorism studies, media studies, Asia-Pacific politics and International Relations. Saira Ali is a Lecturer in Media at the University of Adelaide. Her research focuses on the mediatisation of risk, security and othering; journalistic prac- tices and censorship; terrorism/counterterrorism and strategic communication. Routledge Critical Terrorism Studies Series Editor: Richard Jackson University of Otago, New Zealand This book series will publish rigorous and innovative studies on all aspects of terrorism, counter-terrorism and state terror. It seeks to advance a new generation of thinking on traditional subjects and investigate topics frequently overlooked in orthodox accounts of terrorism. Books in this series will typically adopt approaches informed by critical- normative theory, post-positivist methodologies and non-Western perspectives, as well as rigorous and reflective orthodox terrorism studies. Bringing Normativity into Critical Terrorism Studies Alice Martini The UN and Counter-Terrorism Global Hegemonies, Power and Identities Alice Martini China’s Soft War on Terror Space-Making Processes of Securitisation Tianyang Liu Counterterrorism Strategies in Egypt Permanent Exceptions in the War on Terror A. M. Abozaid Making Sense of Radicalization and Violent Extremism Interviews and Conversations Mitja Sardoč Mediatised Terrorism East-West Narratives of Risk Saira Ali For more information about this series, please visit: https://www.routledge.com/ Routledge-Critical-Terrorism-Studies/book-series/RCTS Mediatised Terrorism East-West Narratives of Risk Saira Ali First published 2023 by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2023 Saira Ali The right of Saira Ali to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Ali, Saira, author. Title: Mediatised terrorism : East-West narratives of risk / Saira Ali. Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, 2022. | Series: Routledge critical terrorism studies | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Identifiers: LCCN 2022020773 (print) | LCCN 2022020774 (ebook) | ISBN 9781032257273 (hardback) | ISBN 9781032257297 (paperback) | ISBN 9781003284727 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Terrorism--Press coverage--Australia. | Terrorism--Press coverage--Pakistan. | Terrorism and mass media--Australia. | Terrorism and mass media--Pakistan. | Mass media--Political aspects--Australia. | Mass media--Political aspects--Pakistan. | East and West. Classification: LCC PN4784.T45 A45 2022 (print) | LCC PN4784.T45 (ebook) | DDC 070.4/49363325--dc23/eng/20220719 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022020773 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022020774 ISBN: 978-1-032-25727-3 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-25729-7 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-28472-7 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003284727 Typeset in Bembo by MPS Limited, Dehradun In loving memory of my mother, who is missed every hour of every day. & To my father, who holds us all together. Contents Illustrations viii Acknowledgements x 1 Introduction 1 2 The Politics of Securitisation in the World Risk Society 13 3 Terrorist World Risk Society 30 4 Mediatised Terror 72 5 The Culturalisation of Terror 100 6 Mediatisation of Terrorism in Australia 118 7 Mediatisation of Terrorism in Pakistan 168 8 Two Worlds, One Story 219 References 241 Index 268 Illustrations Figures 1.1 Research design 5 6.1 The Age print newspaper front page (16 December 2014) 125 6.2 Sydney Morning Herald Special Edition print newspaper front page (16 December 2014) 126 6.3 The Australian print newspaper front page (16 December 2014) 127 6.4 Daily Telegraph Special Edition print newspaper front page (15 December 2014) 128 6.5 Australian news source categories in NVivo 148 6.6 Breakdown of Australian main and sub-category news sources 148 6.7 Distribution of Australian main news source categories 149 6.8 Most quoted Australian news source categories 149 6.9 Daily Telegraph alternate weeks sourcing trend 150 6.10 The Age alternate weeks sourcing trend 151 6.11 Sydney Morning Herald alternate weeks sourcing trend 151 6.12 The Australian alternate weeks sourcing trend 151 7.1 Dawn print newspaper front page (17 December 2014) 177 7.2 Express Tribune print newspaper front page (17 December 2014) 178 7.3 The Nation print newspaper front page (17 December 2014) 179 7.4 The News print newspaper front page (17 December 2014) 180 7.5 Pakistan news source categories in NVivo 200 7.6 Breakdown of Pakistan main and sub-category news sources 201 7.7 Distribution of Pakistani main news source categories 202 7.8 Most-quoted Pakistani news source categories 202 7.9 Dawn alternate weeks sourcing trend 203 7.10 Express Tribune alternate weeks sourcing trend 204 7.11 The Nation alternate weeks sourcing trend 204 7.12 The News alternate weeks sourcing trend 204 Illustrations ix 7.13 Anonymous sources across alternate weeks in Pakistani news sites 205 7.14 Distribution of anonymous sources in Pakistani news sites 206 Tables 1.1 Breakdown of Australian newspapers 7 1.2 Breakdown of Pakistani newspapers 8 1.3 Sub-sample of news stories from Australian and Pakistani newspapers 8 1.4 Number of stories per week in Australian news sub-sample 9 1.5 Number of stories per week in Pakistani news sub-sample 9 3.1 Incidents labelled terrorism in Australia 50 3.2 Foiled terror attacks in Australia 50 3.3 Key legislative changes under Tony Abbott 53 3.4 Terror movements in Pakistan 56 3.5 Prominent terrorist attacks in Pakistan (2007–2018) 61 3.6 Prominent Pakistan military operations 66 5.1 Attributes of moral panic (MP) 105 6.1 Keywords and their frequency in Australian news sites 121 6.2 Direction of terrorism news in Australia 122 6.3 Frequency of favourable and unfavourable sentiment in Australian news stories 122 6.4 Reference to Sydney under siege in subheadings and body text 132 6.5 Australia: Interview responses to sensationalism 133 6.6 Australia under threat frame 135 6.7 Concerns about terrorism and immigration in Australia 136 6.8 Australian news source categories with descriptions 147 7.1 Top six keywords and their frequency in Pakistani news sites 171 7.2 Direction of terrorism news in Pakistan 172 7.3 Frequency favourable and unfavourable sentiment in Pakistani news sites 173 7.4 Description of the APS attack and its aftermath 176 7.5 Frequency of the martyr (shaheed) and its derivatives in Pakistani news media 185 7.6 Typical examples of foreign hand as “the root of our problems” in The Nation and The News 193 7.7 Typical examples of “united at last” frame in the Pakistani news sites 198 7.8 Pakistan news source categories with descriptions 199 8.1 Factors influencing news construction and production in Australia and Pakistan 231 8.2 Moral panics in Australia and Pakistan 235