Media and Terrorism in the 21st Century PDF
Preview Media and Terrorism in the 21st Century
Media and Terrorism in the 21st Century Elnur Ismayil Istanbul Medeniyet University, Turkey Ebru Karadogan Ismayil Uskudar University, Turkey A volume in the Advances in Digital Crime, Forensics, and Cyber Terrorism (ADCFCT) Book Series Published in the United States of America by IGI Global Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global) 701 E. Chocolate Avenue Hershey PA, USA 17033 Tel: 717-533-8845 Fax: 717-533-8661 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.igi-global.com Copyright © 2022 by IGI Global. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher. Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only. Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Ismayil, Elnur, 1979- editor. | Karadogan, Ebru, 1975- editor. Title: Media and terrorism in the 21st century / Elnur Ismayil, and Ebru Karadogan, editor. Description: Hershey PA : Information Science Reference, [2022] | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “This book not only reviews the existing literature on relation between media and terrorism but also presents chapters that generate an exchange of ideas and insights between academics and professionals on the role of media and new media in terrorist propaganda from critical international perspective”-- Provided by publisher. Identifiers: LCCN 2021048768 (print) | LCCN 2021048769 (ebook) | ISBN 9781799897552 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781799897569 (paperback) | ISBN 9781799897576 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Terrorism and mass media. | Terrorism in mass media. | Terrorism--Press coverage. Classification: LCC P96.T47 M4265 2022 (print) | LCC P96.T47 (ebook) | DDC 363.325--dc23/eng/20211110 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021048768 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021048769 This book is published in the IGI Global book series Advances in Digital Crime, Forensics, and Cyber Terrorism (ADCF- CT) (ISSN: 2327-0381; eISSN: 2327-0373) British Cataloguing in Publication Data A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library. All work contributed to this book is new, previously-unpublished material. The views expressed in this book are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher. For electronic access to this publication, please contact: [email protected]. Advances in Digital Crime, Forensics, and Cyber Terrorism (ADCFCT) Book Series Bryan Christiansen Global Research Society, LLC, USA Agnieszka Piekarz Independent Researcher, Poland ISSN:2327-0381 EISSN:2327-0373 Mission The digital revolution has allowed for greater global connectivity and has improved the way we share and present information. With this new ease of communication and access also come many new chal- lenges and threats as cyber crime and digital perpetrators are constantly developing new ways to attack systems and gain access to private information. The Advances in Digital Crime, Forensics, and Cyber Terrorism (ADCFCT) Book Series seeks to publish the latest research in diverse fields pertaining to crime, warfare, terrorism and forensics in the digital sphere. By advancing research available in these fields, the ADCFCT aims to present research- ers, academicians, and students with the most current available knowledge and assist security and law enforcement professionals with a better understanding of the current tools, applications, and methodolo- gies being implemented and discussed in the field. Coverage • Global Threat Intelligence IGI Global is currently accepting manuscripts • Network Forensics for publication within this series. To submit a pro- • Digital surveillance posal for a volume in this series, please contact our • Identity Theft Acquisition Editors at [email protected] • Vulnerability or visit: http://www.igi-global.com/publish/. • Hacking • Data Protection • Mobile Device Forensics • Encryption • Cryptography The Advances in Digital Crime, Forensics, and Cyber Terrorism (ADCFCT) Book Series (ISSN 2327-0381) is published by IGI Global, 701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Hershey, PA 17033-1240, USA, www.igi-global.com. This series is composed of titles available for purchase indi- vidually; each title is edited to be contextually exclusive from any other title within the series. For pricing and ordering information please visit http://www.igi-global.com/book-series/advances-digital-crime-forensics-cyber/73676. Postmaster: Send all address changes to above address. Copyright © 2022 IGI Global. All rights, including translation in other languages reserved by the publisher. No part of this series may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means – graphics, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or informa- tion and retrieval systems – without written permission from the publisher, except for non commercial, educational use, including classroom teaching purposes. The views expressed in this series are those of the authors, but not necessarily of IGI Global. Titles in this Series For a list of additional titles in this series, please visit: www.igi-global.com/book-series Technologies to Advance Automation in Forensic Science and Criminal Investigation Chung-Hao Chen (Old Dominion University, USA) Wen-Chao Yang (National Central Police University, Taiwan) and Lijian Chen (Henan University, hina) Information Science Reference • © 2022 • 289pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781799883869) • US $225.00 Intelligence and Law Enforcement in the 21st Century Eugene de Silva (Virginia Research Institute, USA) and Asanga Abeyagoonesekera (Parliament of Sri Lanka, Sri anka) Information Science Reference • © 2021 • 253pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781799879046) • US $225.00 Social Engineering and Information Warfare Operations Emerging Research and Opportunities Rhonda L. Johnson (Upper Iowa University, USA) Information Science Reference • © 2021 • 150pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781799842705) • US $145.00 Evaluating Emerging Threats and New Research Opportunities in Digital Crime and Forensics Rhonda Johnson (Upper Iowa University, USA) Information Science Reference • © 2021 • 350pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781799822288) • US $195.00 Confluence of AI, Machine, and Deep Learning in Cyber Forensics Sanjay Misra (Covenant University, Nigeria) Chamundeswari Arumugam (Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, India) Suresh Jaganathan (Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, India) and Saraswathi S. (Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, India) Information Science Reference • © 2021 • 248pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781799849001) • US $225.00 Cyber Security Auditing, Assurance, and Awareness Through CSAM and CATRAM Regner Sabillon (Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Spain) Information Science Reference • © 2021 • 260pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781799841623) • US $195.00 Critical Concepts, Standards, and Techniques in Cyber Forensics Mohammad Shahid Husain (Ministry of Higher Education, Oman) and Mohammad Zunnun Khan (Integral Uni- versity, India) Information Science Reference • © 2020 • 292pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781799815587) • US $225.00 701 East Chocolate Avenue, Hershey, PA 17033, USA Tel: 717-533-8845 x100 • Fax: 717-533-8661 E-Mail: [email protected] • www.igi-global.com Editorial Advisory Board AzerBabayev,ADA University, Azerbaijan RüştüSalimSavaşBiçer,Nişantaşı University,Turkey OğuzÇelikkol, Istanbul Kültür University, Turkey StephanEngelkamp,King’s College London,UK GhadirGolkarian,Near East University, Cyprus RovshanIbrahimov,Hankuk University of Foreign Studies,South Korea ÖzdenZeynepOktav,Medeniyet University, Turkey YasharOnay,Istanbul University, Turkey OzanÖrmeci,Kent University, Turkey NasrinSüleymanli,The Academy of Public Administration, Azerbaijan CemTutar,Üsküdar University, Turkey IrfanKayaÜlger,Kocaeli University, Turkey Table of Contents Foreword.............................................................................................................................................xiv Preface..................................................................................................................................................xv Section 1 Terrorism and Media Chapter 1 It’saManhuntandIt’sLive:TheAestheticsoftheManhuntandExtremeRightTerrorism................1 Georgios Karakasis, University of the Basque, Spain Chapter 2 TheApproachoftheIslamistPressinTurkeytotheMurderofSamuelPaty:AQualitative ContentAnalysis...................................................................................................................................13 Eren Ekin Ercan, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Turkey Chapter 3 TheRoleofMediainthePerceptionofSyrianRefugeesasTerrorists................................................28 Devrim Şahin, Eastern Mediterranean University, Cyprus Safiye Kocadayı, Near East University, Cyprus Chapter 4 RelationshipBetweenEducation,Media,andTerror...........................................................................43 Zehra Gelici, Presidency of Religious Affairs, Turkey Chapter 5 CriticalDiscourseAnalysisofTheÖzgürGündemNewspaperDuringTurkey’sResolution Process:FromtheYear2013to2015...................................................................................................64 Turgül Tomgüsehan, Near East University, Cyprus Devrim Şahin, Eastern Mediterranean University, Cyprus Chapter 6 TerrorandMedia:NorwegianMediaNewsAnalysisofAl-NoorMosqueAttackinNorway.............80 Musa Gelici, Presidency of Religious Affairs, Turkey Section 2 Counterterrorism and Media Chapter 7 ComparingNationalvs.InternationalCoverageofTerrorism:AFramingAnalysisoftheReina NightclubTerroristAttack..................................................................................................................104 Burcu Pinar Alakoc, University of Chicago, USA Emel Ozdora-Aksak, Bilkent University, Turkey Chapter 8 MediaDevelopmentTrendsasaCounterforTerrorisminUkraine..................................................124 Nadezhda Anatolievna Lebedeva, International Personnel Academy, Ukraine Chapter 9 TheInternationalMediaandCounterterrorismOperationsinNigeria:IssuesandChallenges.........144 Oluchukwu Ignatus Onianwa, University of Ibadan, Nigeria Chapter 10 HybridWarfareinAzerbaijan:AChallengetoNationalSecurity.....................................................164 Vasif Huseynov, Khazar University, Azerbaijan Chapter 11 EmergenceofCounternarrativePeaceMediaintheNortheastofNigeria:ExploratoryReviewon TheirImpactsandProspects...............................................................................................................183 Ibrahim Uba Yusuf, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria Adamkolo Mohammed Ibrahim, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria Musa Alhaji Liman, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria Section 3 Terrorism and Digital Media Chapter 12 Dataveillance,Counterterrorism,andSustainablePeaceintheAgeofAlgocracy............................205 Feride Zeynep Güder, Üsküdar University, Turkey Chapter 13 PerformanceofVirtualTerrorisminCyberSpace.............................................................................224 Farzaneh Ejazi, Wise People Center for Strategic Studies (BILGESAM), Turkey Chapter 14 IS,Internet,andTerror........................................................................................................................237 Rüdiger Lohlker, University of Vienna, Austria Compilation of References...............................................................................................................254 About the Contributors....................................................................................................................293 Index...................................................................................................................................................298 Detailed Table of Contents Foreword.............................................................................................................................................xiv Preface..................................................................................................................................................xv Section 1 Terrorism and Media Chapter 1 It’saManhuntandIt’sLive:TheAestheticsoftheManhuntandExtremeRightTerrorism................1 Georgios Karakasis, University of the Basque, Spain Theaimofthischapteristoaddtotheexistingresearchofmodernright-wingterrorismtheconcept ofthe“aestheticsofthemanhunt”;namely,theauthor’sintentionistoshowthattheterroristattacks inNorway(2011)andNewZealand(2019)byAndersBreivikandBrentonTarrant,respectively,have transformedthewayweunderstandright-wingterrorism,includingthecharacteristicsofamanhunt betweenapredatorandinnocenthumanprey,aswellastheuseoftechnology,mainlylivestreaming,to aestheticizetheterroristattackandattractmorefollowersviatheexplicitvisualizationofthismanhunt. Chapter 2 TheApproachoftheIslamistPressinTurkeytotheMurderofSamuelPaty:AQualitative ContentAnalysis...................................................................................................................................13 Eren Ekin Ercan, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Turkey TheteacherSamuelPaty,whowasdecapitatedon16October2020forshowingcartoonsofTheProphet MohammadinalectureinFrance,isanimportantindicatorofthepostmodernconceptualdebatebetween “freedomofexpression”and“terrorism.”Itisnotacoincidencethatmanysimilarevents,especiallythe CharlieHebdoattackin2015,tookplaceinFrance.Thephenomenonoffreedomofexpression,which cametotheforeduringthe1789FrenchRevolutionanditsaftermath,madeFranceahistoricalheir andthetargetofradicalterroristattacks.Inthiscontext,thestudyexamineshowthemurderofSamuel PatywasinterpretedonthewebsitesofYeniŞafakandYeniAkitnewspapers,whichstandoutwith theirIslamicjournalismapproach.Thequalitativecontentanalysismethodwasusedinthestudy.The focusofthestudyishowthedevelopmentswerereportedbythenewspapersonthedayofthemurder (October16,2020)andafter. Chapter 3 TheRoleofMediainthePerceptionofSyrianRefugeesasTerrorists................................................28 Devrim Şahin, Eastern Mediterranean University, Cyprus Safiye Kocadayı, Near East University, Cyprus ResearchstudiesabouthowTurkishpublicopinionperceivesrefugeesrevealthatwhilerefugeesmay beseeninitiallyasinnocentpeopleindireneedoftemporaryprotection,thisperceptionshiftsonceit becomesevidentthattheirplightcouldbecomeapermanentsituation.TheinvolvementofSyrianrefugees invarioustypesofviolence,includingterroristacts,gaverisetostrongresistancetotheirpresencein Turkey.Inadditiontothecriticaldiscourseofoppositionpartiesandmedia,theambivalentmessaging oftherulingJusticeandDevelopment(AdaletveKalkınmaPartisi-AKP)inthemediaworsenedthe generalperceptionofrefugeesandtheirrelationshiptoTurkishSocietyinamannerthreateningtostability inTurkey.ToensureamorepeacefullifeinTurkey,policiesthatarehealthierandmorecohesiveneed tobeadoptedinorderthatSyrianrefugeescanbeintegratedintothenation’sculturalandsociallife. Chapter 4 RelationshipBetweenEducation,Media,andTerror...........................................................................43 Zehra Gelici, Presidency of Religious Affairs, Turkey Thesubjectofthisstudyistouncovertherelationsbetweenterrorism,media,andeducationwith examples.Thepurposeofthisstudyistorevealtheeffectofterroristorganizations,whichtrytorecruit staffbyusingthemediaandeducationalenvironments,oneducation,andtodiscusstheeffectiveness ofeducationinpreventingterrorism.Today,terroristorganizations,whichusetheinternetactively, considervirtualmediaasaseriouspropagandatoolbytakingadvantageofthedifficultiesinthecontrol ofvirtualenvironments.Forthisreason,inthisstudy,whichhasaqualitativedesign,mediaanalysis willalsobeincludedaswellasdocumentanalysis.ThePKK,whichisdefinedasaleftistorganization, andISISandsimilarreligion-basedterroristgroupsthattakeIslamastheirreferencewillbediscussed inthescopeofthestudy,andthewaytheyusethemediaandtheeffectsoftheiractivitiesoneducation andtheroleofeducationandreligiouseducationinpreventingorreducingtheeffectsofterrorismwill bediscussedinthestudy. Chapter 5 CriticalDiscourseAnalysisofTheÖzgürGündemNewspaperDuringTurkey’sResolution Process:FromtheYear2013to2015...................................................................................................64 Turgül Tomgüsehan, Near East University, Cyprus Devrim Şahin, Eastern Mediterranean University, Cyprus Theensuingnewscommentariesimbuedwiththesevariousinfluencesthatshapethemessagehavetobe decodedbythereaderinorderthatheorshecanfullycomprehendthecontent.Soanaccurateaccounting ofthesocialissuesofgovernancerequiresjournaliststoexercisecarefulconsiderationintheiruseof languageandterminologyandtoshowthattheyfullygraspthebackgroundandhistoryofthesubject matterbeinganalysedforpresentationtoreaders.Discourseanalysesdrawonthecriticaldiscourse analysisoriginallydevisedby‘TeunA.VanDijk’,akeyapproachwhenseekingtodiscernoruncover thetenetsandinfluencesunderlyingandshapingmuchofcontemporaryjournalism.Thisstudyexamines theinstitutionalisededitorialapproachoftheÖzgürGündem(IndependentAgenda)newspaperinits coverageofTurkey’speacenegotiationswiththePKK,takingduenoteofthenewspaper’sideological biastowardsthePKK.
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