Measurement Technology for Process Automation

197 Pages·2017·5.24 MB·English

by  Anders Andersson

Measurement
Technology
Process
for
Automation

Measurement
Technology
Process
for
Automation
AndersAndersson
CRCPress
Taylor&FrancisGroup
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Andersson,Anders(Metrologist),author.
Title:Measurementtechnologyforprocessautomation/AndersAndersson.
Description:BocaRaton:Taylor&Francis,CRCPress,2017.|
Includesbibliographicalreferences.
Identifiers:LCCN2017000309|ISBN9781138035393(hardback:alk.paper)|
ISBN9781315267913(ebook)
Subjects:LCSH:Chemicalprocesscontrol--Automation.|Flowmeters.|
Pressure--Measurement.|Temperaturemeasurements.
Classification:LCCTP155.75.A552017|DDC660/.2815--dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2017000309
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Contents
Preface......................................................................................................................xi
Acknowledgements.............................................................................................xiii
Introduction...........................................................................................................xv
1. Application Examples....................................................................................1
Designing a Process.........................................................................................1
Mixing and Batching..................................................................................2
Continuous Mixing.....................................................................................4
Filling............................................................................................................6
Heat Treatment............................................................................................8
Inventory......................................................................................................9
Buying and Selling (Custody Transfer).................................................11
Difference (Net-) Measurement/Leakage Detection...........................13
Air Conditioning/Cooling.......................................................................15
Pumping.....................................................................................................16
Overfill Protection.....................................................................................18
Sprinklers....................................................................................................19
Pulp and Paper Flow................................................................................20
Slurry Flow................................................................................................21
Cryogenic Flow.........................................................................................22
Sewage Flow..............................................................................................24
Thermal Power..........................................................................................24
Steam Flow.................................................................................................26
2. Flow..................................................................................................................29
Basics................................................................................................................29
Measuring Principles.....................................................................................31
Inductive Flow Meters.............................................................................34
Ultrasonic Flow Meters............................................................................36
Mass Flow Meters.....................................................................................37
Positive Displacement Flow Meters.......................................................39
Turbine Flow Meters................................................................................39
Differential Pressure Flow Meters..........................................................40
Variable Area Flow Meters.....................................................................42
Vortex Flow Meters..................................................................................43
Thermal Flow Meters...............................................................................43
General Installation Requirements..............................................................44
Calibration and Verification.........................................................................45
Volume Standard......................................................................................47
Weighing Tank..........................................................................................48
v
vi Contents
Prover..........................................................................................................48
Master Meters............................................................................................48
Tracers.........................................................................................................48
Further Reading.............................................................................................49
3. Pressure...........................................................................................................51
Basics................................................................................................................51
Pressure Measurement Units..................................................................52
Measuring Methods.......................................................................................53
Gauges........................................................................................................53
Transmitters...............................................................................................53
Calibration and Verification.........................................................................57
Further Reading.............................................................................................58
4. Temperature...................................................................................................59
Basics................................................................................................................59
Measuring Methods.......................................................................................59
Liquid in Glass..........................................................................................59
Pt-100...........................................................................................................60
Thermocouple............................................................................................61
Infrared Thermometers............................................................................61
Installation.......................................................................................................62
Pipe Mounting...........................................................................................62
Calibration and Verification.........................................................................63
Comparison................................................................................................63
5. Level.................................................................................................................65
Basics................................................................................................................65
Measuring Principles.....................................................................................65
Float.............................................................................................................66
Ultrasonic Echo..........................................................................................66
Radar Meters..............................................................................................67
Pressure Sensors........................................................................................67
Conductivity Sensor.................................................................................68
Weighing....................................................................................................68
Level Meter Overview...................................................................................70
Calibration and Verification.........................................................................71
6. In-Line Analysis............................................................................................73
Chemical Measurements...............................................................................73
pH................................................................................................................74
Conductivity..............................................................................................74
Turbidity.....................................................................................................75
Viscosity......................................................................................................75
Density and Concentration......................................................................76
Contents vii
7. Electrical Signals...........................................................................................77
Signal Transfer................................................................................................78
Analogue Signals.......................................................................................79
HART..........................................................................................................81
Pulse/Frequency Signals..........................................................................82
Controllers.......................................................................................................84
Calculations.....................................................................................................86
Linearisation...............................................................................................87
Galvanic Separation..................................................................................87
Pulse to Analogue Conversion...............................................................87
Ex-Barriers..................................................................................................87
Heat and Steam – Thermal Power.........................................................88
Standard Volume......................................................................................89
Thermal Expansion...................................................................................89
Tables and Standards....................................................................................90
Calibration.......................................................................................................90
System and Design Drawings......................................................................90
8. Valves, Pumps and Pipes............................................................................93
Valves...............................................................................................................93
Control Valves................................................................................................93
Pumps..............................................................................................................94
Head............................................................................................................95
Pipes and Fittings...........................................................................................95
Flanges........................................................................................................96
Threaded Connections..............................................................................96
Special Connections..................................................................................97
Cavitation........................................................................................................97
9. Safety...............................................................................................................99
Electrical Safety..............................................................................................99
IP-Rated Enclosures................................................................................100
Electrical Disturbances (EMC)...................................................................100
Pressure Safety..............................................................................................102
Material Properties..................................................................................103
Corrosion..................................................................................................103
Hazardous Areas..........................................................................................104
The Fire Triangle.....................................................................................104
Risk Assessment......................................................................................105
Electrical Equipment...............................................................................105
Electrostatic Discharge...........................................................................107
Functional Safety..........................................................................................107
Safety Integrity Level.............................................................................108
Traditional Concepts to Improve Safety.............................................108
Further Reading...........................................................................................109
viii Contents
10. Calibration and Traceability.....................................................................111
How Exact Is Your Measurement?...........................................................111
Calibration.....................................................................................................111
Calibration Report...................................................................................113
Traceability....................................................................................................113
Concepts........................................................................................................114
Error..........................................................................................................114
Repeatability............................................................................................115
Accuracy...................................................................................................115
Uncertainty...............................................................................................115
Intercomparison.......................................................................................115
Conformity Assessment.........................................................................116
Signal Loops..................................................................................................116
Further Reading...........................................................................................117
11. Measurement Uncertainty.........................................................................119
Numbers........................................................................................................119
Conformity Assessment..............................................................................120
Comparisons.................................................................................................120
Process Control.............................................................................................121
Uncertainty....................................................................................................121
Random or Systematic...........................................................................122
Example....................................................................................................124
Further Reading...........................................................................................126
12. Foundations of Metrology.........................................................................127
History...........................................................................................................127
Weights and Measures................................................................................127
SI Units..........................................................................................................128
Other Commonly Used Units....................................................................130
Mass..........................................................................................................130
Volume......................................................................................................131
Length and Area.....................................................................................131
Force, Power and Energy......................................................................131
13. World of Metrology....................................................................................133
Organisations................................................................................................133
AFRIMETS................................................................................................133
ANSI..........................................................................................................133
API.............................................................................................................134
ASEAN......................................................................................................134
ASME........................................................................................................134
BIPM..........................................................................................................134
BMTA........................................................................................................134
CEESI........................................................................................................134
Contents ix
DIN............................................................................................................134
EA – European Accreditation Council................................................135
EASC.........................................................................................................135
EI – Evaluation International................................................................135
EN/CEN...................................................................................................135
EURAMET................................................................................................135
GCC–GSO.................................................................................................135
GOST.........................................................................................................135
ILAC..........................................................................................................136
IMEKO......................................................................................................136
ISO.............................................................................................................136
NAMUR....................................................................................................136
NIST..........................................................................................................136
OIML.........................................................................................................136
SIM............................................................................................................136
WELMEC..................................................................................................137
WGFF........................................................................................................137
Glossary...............................................................................................................139
Appendix.............................................................................................................149
Index.....................................................................................................................173