Maxillofacial Cone Beam Computed Tomography: Principles, Techniques and Clinical Applications

1241 Pages·2018·148.09 MB·english

by  William C. Scarfe

Maxillofacial Cone
Beam Computed
Tomography
Principles, Techniques
and Clinical Applications
William C. Scarfe
Christos Angelopoulos
Editors
123
Maxillofacial Cone Beam Computed
Tomography
William C. Scarfe
Christos Angelopoulos
Editors
Maxillofacial Cone Beam
Computed Tomography
Principles, Techniques and Clinical
Applications
Editors
William C. Scarfe Christos Angelopoulos
Division of Radiology and Imaging Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Science Thessaloniki
Department of Surgical/Hospital Greece
Dentistry
University of Louisville School Columbia University
of Dentistry College of Dental Medicine
Louisville, KY New York City, NY
USA USA
ISBN 978-3-319-62059-6 ISBN 978-3-319-62061-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62061-9
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017960175
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Foreword
“Cone Beam” refers to the divergence of the X-ray beam following its origin
at the anode of the X-ray tube. This being the case, dentists have employed
“Cone Beam Technology,” since 1896, just a few weeks following the discov-
ery of the X-ray on November 8, 1895. The images produced with this tech-
nology, until relatively recently, have only been two-dimensional (2-D):
intraoral bitewings and periapical images of the teeth, and extra-oral projec-
tions of the jaws and head. To be pedantically correct, only round collimation
leads to a conical beam; rectangular collimators result in a pyramidal beam in
these circumstances, but the essence of a divergent beam is held in common.
Commercial Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) was initially
designed in the early 1980s for three-dimensional (3-D) angiography,
pairing a C-arm to a circular image intensifier and did actually use a
“Cone Beam.” The hundreds of individual images that are integrated to
provide a 3-D dataset are similar to their individual 2-D predecessors.
The development of maxillofacial CBCT awaited the development of
inexpensive but powerful computers, appropriate algorithms and software,
resilient X-ray tubes that could fire hundreds of times in a matter of a
fraction of a minute, and detectors that could acquire those images rapidly
without afterglow from the prior frame. It was the year 2000 before the
first CBCT system was cleared by the Food and Drug Administration -
Center for Devices and Radiological Health (FDA-CDRH) for sale and
use in the United States. In less than two decades, many different maxil-
lofacial CBCT units have become available with few manufacturers of
dental X-ray equipment yet to become involved in this market. CBCT is
now a valued and validated adjunct to dental and dental specialty practice
throughout the world.
This book represents the first comprehensive treatment of maxillofacial
CBCT. It is not merely an atlas of normal anatomy or of pathological pro-
cesses. The book is designed for advanced general dentistry and for all of
the clinical dental specialties, both as a reference for existing practitioners
and also as a standard text for residents in advanced dentistry and the dental
specialties. Drs. Scarfe and Angelopoulos have brought together top clini-
cians, researchers, and engineers from around the world to compile this
work. It provides timely insight and vision into the basics of CBCT physics,
v
vi Foreword
engineering, radiation safety, quality assurance, image selection, parameter
selection, image creation, image and volume post-processing, clinical
usage, interpretation of anatomy, artifact and pathological processes, and of
reporting findings.
Allan G. Farman, B.D.S., Ph.D., D.Sc., M.B.A.
Emeritus Professor, The University of Louisville School of Dentistry
Louisville, KY, USA
Independent Consultant in Maxillofacial Imaging Science
Chicago, IL, USA
Contents
Part I Fundamentals of CBCT
1 Historical Perspectives on CBCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Allan G. Farman and William C. Scarfe
2 What Is CBCT and How Does It Work? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Ruben Pauwels
3 Image Processing and Visualization Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
William C. Scarfe, Roberto Molteni, and Pierluigi Mozzo
4 Image Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Ralf Schulze, William C. Scarfe, Roberto Molteni,
and Pierluigi Mozzo
Part II CBCT in Daily Clinical Practice
5 CBCT Use in Daily Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
William C. Scarfe and Christos Angelopoulos
6 Ethical and Medicolegal Issues Related to CBCT . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Bernard Friedland and William C. Scarfe
7 CBCT Quality Assurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Ruben Pauwels
8 Radiation Dose, Risks, and Protection in CBCT . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Ruben Pauwels and William C. Scarfe
Part III Regional Maxillofacial Imaging
9 The Skull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
William C. Scarfe and Christos Angelopoulos
10 The Jaws, Oral Cavity, and Nasopharynx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Christos Angelopoulos and William C. Scarfe
11 Neck and Cervical Spine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Zhimin Li, Saulo L. Sousa Melo, Baijuan Gong,
Kivanç Kamburoğlu, Christos Angelopoulos,
and William C. Scarfe
vii
viii Contents
12 Anatomy of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Kivanç Kamburoğlu, Saulo L. Sousa Melo, Zhimin Li,
Dirk Schulze, Sema Murat, Bruno Azevedo, Christos
Angelopoulos, and William C. Scarfe
13 The Upper Airway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Saulo Leonardo Sousa Melo, Zhimin Li, Kivanç Kamburoğlu,
and William C. Scarfe
14 Temporal Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Mahi Sophia Mehr, Axel Ruprecht, and Kivanç Kamburoğlu
Part IV Clinical Applications
15 Cone Beam Computed Tomography
and Maxillofacial Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
David MacDonald, Christos Angelopoulos,
and William C. Scarfe
16 Incidental Findings on CBCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
Jie Yang, William C. Scarfe, and Christos Angelopoulos
17 Soft Tissue Hyperdensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
William C. Scarfe, Allan G. Farman,
and Christos Angelopoulos
18 Applications of CBCT in Orthodontics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
William E. Harrell Jr, William C. Scarfe,
Lucas Rodrigues Pinheiro, and Allan G. Farman
19 Orthodontic and Orthognathic Surgery Planning
and Simulation Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
Lucia H.S. Cevidanes, Antonio C.O. Ruellas,
and William C. Scarfe
20 Dental Implants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745
Reinhilde Jacobs and William C. Scarfe
21 Planning and Assessment of Bone Reconstruction
for Dental Implants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831
George A. Mandelaris, Christos Angelopoulos,
Reinhilde Jacobs, Robert A. Levine, and William C. Scarfe
22 Endodontic Applications of CBCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871
Scott L. Doyle, Bruno Azevedo, Martin D. Levin,
David Gane, Allan G. Farman, and William C. Scarfe
23 Periodontal Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923
William C. Scarfe, Bruno Azevedo,
Lucas Rodrigues Pinheiro, Menik Priaminiari,
and Marcelo Augusto Oliveira Sales
Contents ix
24 CBCT and the Diagnosis of Temporomandibular
Joint Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 951
Christos Angelopoulos, William C. Scarfe, Ghabi Kaspo,
Kostas Tsiklakis, and Wael M. Aboelmaaty
25 CBCT Sialography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1017
Fatima M. Jadu and Ernest W.N. Lam
26 Image-Guided Surgical Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1037
Georg Eggers
27 CBCT-Based Image Guidance for Sinus
and Skull Base Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1057
Bradford A. Woodworth, Sri Kiran Chennupati,
and Alexander G. Chiu
28 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . 1071
Saulo L. Sousa Melo, Zhimin Li, Kivanç Kamburoğlu,
Yuko Shigeta, Takumi Ogawa, Reyes Enciso,
and William C. Scarfe
29 Dental Impactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1109
Dania Tamimi, Birgitta Warvarovsky, Sarah Lawson,
William C. Scarfe, and Christos Angelopoulos
30 CBCT Imaging of Sinonasal Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1155
Kivanç Kamburoğlu, Dirk Schulze, Sema Murat,
Saulo L. Sousa Melo, Zhimin Li, Michael M. Bornstein,
Christos Angelopoulos, and William C. Scarfe
31 CBCT and Additive Manufacturing Technology . . . . . . . . . . . 1207
Gerald T. Grant, Jayanthi Parthasarathy, Shivakumar Raman,
Bruno Azevedo, and William C. Scarfe
About the Editors
Professor Scarfe graduated from the
University of Adelaide School of Dentistry in
1982 and was awarded Fellowship in the
Royal Australasian College of Dental
Surgeons in 1986. He graduated from the
University of Texas Health Science Center at
San Antonio with a Certificate in Dental
Diagnostic Science and Master’s in Oral and
Maxillofacial Radiology and has been on the
faculty at the University of Louisville School
of Dentistry since 1993. Dr. Scarfe is a
Diplomate of the American Board of Oral and
Maxillofacial Radiology and a registered spe-
cialist in Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology in the Commonwealth of
Kentucky. He is Past Treasurer and currently President-elect of the American
Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, immediate past editor of the
Radiology Section of Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, and Oral
Radiology, and Past-Vice President and Past North American Regional
Director of the International Association of Dento-Maxillofacial Radiology.
He is Fellow of the International Team for Implantology (ITI). He is a
reviewer for over 30 journals including the Journal of the Canadian Dental
Association, Journal of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Radiology, the American
Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, and The Angle
Orthodontist. Dr. Scarfe has published extensively on cone beam computed
tomography (CBCT) including recent consensus statements on general and
specific use guidelines and discipline-specific applications of CBCT. He
presents internationally as well as nationally and is active in research on the
clinical applications of CBCT imaging.
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