Mass Higher Education Development in East Asia: Strategy, Quality, and Challenges PDF
Preview Mass Higher Education Development in East Asia: Strategy, Quality, and Challenges
Knowledge Studies in Higher Education 2 Jung Cheol Shin Gerard A. Postiglione Futao Huang Editors Mass Higher Education Development in East Asia Strategy, Quality, and Challenges Knowledge Studies in Higher Education Volume 2 Series Editors Professor Jung Cheol Shin, Seoul National University, South Korea Dr. Hugo Horta, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China Editorial Board Prof. Dr. Ulrich Teichler, University of Kassel, Germany Prof. Loet Leydesdorff, Amsterdam School of Communications Research, The Netherlands Prof. Simon Marginson, University of Melbourne, Australia Prof. Keun Lee, Seoul National University, Korea Prof. Gary Rhoades, University of Arizona, USA Scope of the Series Even though knowledge is the main content of teaching and universities are key knowledge producers, scholars have only recently begun to actively explore research on knowledge studies in higher education. As this fi eld of study has grown, it has increasingly overlapped with the research focus of other fi elds, namely research and science policy, and information studies. However, these three fi elds have developed independently with little interaction between them, causing our understanding of knowledge to be limited, compartmented, and lacking a multidimensional perspective. This book series is designed to improve knowledge studies in higher education by stimulating interactions between these different approaches. Coverage in this series includes: • University and knowledge production • R & D funding systems • Education reforms • Innovation systems for emerging regions • School curriculum and knowledge • Social utility of knowledge production • University research and in-house research • Research collaborations. With its comprehensive overview and multidisciplinary perspective, this series provides scholars and policymakers with the theory and data they need to make more informed decisions regarding knowledge research in higher education. More information about this series at h ttp://www.springer.com/series/11778 Jung Cheol Shin • Gerard A. Postiglione Futao Huang Editors Mass Higher Education Development in East Asia Strategy, Quality, and Challenges Editors Jung Cheol Shin Gerard A. Postiglione Department of Education Faculty of Education Seoul National University The University of Hong Kong Seoul , Korea, Republic of (South Korea) Hong Kong SAR , China Futao Huang Research Institute for Higher Education Hiroshima University Hiroshima , Japan Knowledge Studies in Higher Education ISBN 978-3-319-12672-2 ISBN 978-3-319-12673-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-12673-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015931514 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 T his work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. T he use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. T he publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www. springer.com) Pref ace Higher education is rapidly developing in the East Asian countries. Some countries (e.g., Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong China) entered post- massifi cation as their tertiary enrollment rates went over 50 %. In addition, higher education in Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, and Philippines are rapidly developing. Recently, the countries in the Indochina Peninsula began to exhibit the same rate of growth. The rapid development of Asian higher education is related to the economic growth in the region. Governments in countries with developed higher education systems perceive higher education as a social system to educate technicians and train professionals for their industrial development, and to produce knowledge and technology for their economy. This is the case with Korea and Taiwan, and national policy in China and Singapore operates along the same lines. On the other hand, education development is relatively independent from economic development in Hong Kong China compared to other countries. In general, however, the developing higher education systems in the region borrow ideas from the developed systems and try to link higher education development to their economic development. The strategy for the co-development of higher education and the economy may or may not be successful depending on the policy designs and the social contexts. Some strategies fi t within their own economic and cultural contexts while others do not. An academic question is what strategies are successful under what conditions. In addition, theorization on the development experiences of these Asian countries contributes to other countries including Latin America, Africa, and the Middle- East. Unfortunately, these academic endeavors are premature despite some academic initiatives. Examples include the book Dynamics of Higher Education Development in East - Asia (2014) which is published through the joint efforts of the East–West Center and Seoul National University, and H igher Education in the Asia - Pacifi c (2011) by Simon Marginson, Sarjit Kaur, and Erlenawati Sawir. Also, a special issue journal H igher Education was published by Philip Altbach’s T wisted Roots : Western Impact on Asian Higher Education ( 1989 ). T hese publications contributed to our understanding of higher education development in East Asia. For example, Philip Altbach’s work contributed to an v vi Preface understanding of the historical roots of higher education development from the establishment of modern higher education in the region; the Dynamics of Higher Education Development contributed to our understanding of higher education development in the region from different theoretical perspectives; and Simon Marginson’s work contributed to our understanding on cultural dimensions of the Asian higher education. However, these works did not go deeply into mass higher education because they focused on the development of higher education itself, rather than on the social phenomena of mass higher education in the region. These countries are experiencing dramatic and rapid transformation through mass and post-massifi ed higher education. This has led to transformative changes in higher education which other higher education systems did not experience. The development brings changes in higher education systems, the roles of the private sector, professors and students, even curriculum and instructional methods, and academic cultures. These transformative changes are peculiar to the region and have not been experienced by other advanced systems, e.g., US, European higher education etc. T his book, discussing mass higher education development in the East Asian countries, consists of three sections—their strategy for higher education development, how professors and students in the region are experiencing the rapid development, and some challenges that mass higher education brings, especially in the East Asian countries. These challenges include the quality of education in the rapidly developed (developing) systems, governance changes in the mass higher education, job markets for college graduates, and strategic management for innovation in the post-massifi ed higher education. Part I discusses how the East Asian countries accomplished or are accomplishing the rapid development of higher education. Japan, Korea, China, Taiwan, Malaysia, and Hong Kong China are designated as case studies of mass higher education in the region. The case studies introduce and discuss national strategies to develop higher education, funding sources and mechanisms, and initiatives to assure quality of education in a period of rapid growth. Part I I focuses on the phenomena of mass higher education in the region. Mass higher education changes professors and students, who are different from those in elite higher education. Chapter 8 discusses how professors in massifi ed higher education systems differ from professors in the countries less well developed, while Chap. 9 focuses on how curriculum and instructional methods in massifi ed higher education differ from those in less massifi ed systems. Chapters 1 0 , 1 1 , 1 2, and 1 3 focus on students in mass higher education. Since the advent of mass higher education, US scholars have used longitudinal survey data to study and propose policies based on students’ college experience. Well known surveys include the College Student Experience Survey and the National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE). Similar surveys are administrated in the East Asian countries. These surveys were conducted in Japan by Tokyo University and by a team from Doshisha University. Yonsei University in Korea conducted a similar survey in collaboration with the Doshisha team, the Tsinghua University team conducted a Chinese version of the NSSE, and a Taiwanese version was conducted by Tamkang University. These surveys include items that range more widely to include students’ satisfaction with Preface vii their college education, their college experience in their academic, e xtra-c urricular activities and social activities, and the problems they are confronted with. These chapters introduce the results of these surveys and their implications for mass higher education. Part I II discusses some challenges confronting Asian mass higher education. Chapter 1 4 focuses on social equity of mass higher education development, and Chap. 1 5 discusses school-to-university transitions during mass higher education. Chapters 1 6 and 1 7 discuss the job market for college graduates, especially during a time of economic crisis. Although the Asian economy used to provide job oppor- tunities for college graduates, unemployment has become a serious policy issue in many Asian countries. Chapter 1 8 discusses the quality of Asian higher education under the conditions of rapid growth. This chapter addresses quality issues from the perspective of quality assurance mechanisms in the region. Chapter 1 9 discusses university governance under mass higher education. Finally, Chap. 2 0 introduces a case of survival strategy of a small-scale teacher training university in Taiwan in mass higher education. T he chapter authors are all highly regarded higher education researchers both globally and in the region. Most of them have experience in working with international organizations (e.g., UNESCO, the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank) as well as with their own governments. In addition they have undertaken academic collaboration on an international scale. We are confi dent that all chapters have strong theoretical grounds as well as practical implications for policy development. F inally, we thank Heejin Lim Ph.D. student at Seoul National University. She helped us to do primary proof reading, styles checking, and formatting manuscripts for this book publication. We could not fi nish our editing with her help. Seoul , Korea, Republic of (South Korea) Jung Cheol Shin Hong Kong SAR , China Gerard A. Postiglione Hiroshima , Japan Futao Huang Acknowledgement Partial fulfi llment of this work was supported by the framework of international cooperation program managed by National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2013054345). ix
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