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Marine ornamental shrimp : biology, aquaculture and conservation PDF

286 Pages·2008·3.03 MB·English
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Marine Ornamental Shrimp Biology, Aquaculture and Conservation Calado: “calado_c000” — 2008/5/5 — 15:31 — page i — #1 Calado: “calado_c000” — 2008/5/5 — 15:31 — page ii — #2 Marine Ornamental Shrimp Biology, Aquaculture and Conservation Ricardo Calado, PhD CCMAR,UniversityoftheAlgarve,Portugal CESAM,UniversityofAveiro,Portugal Calado: “calado_c000” — 2008/5/5 — 15:31 — page iii — #3 Thiseditionfirstpublished2008 ©2008RicardoCalado BlackwellPublishingwasacquiredbyJohnWiley&SonsinFebruary2007. Blackwell’spublishingprogrammehasbeenmergedwithWiley’sglobal Scientific,Technical,andMedicalbusinesstoformWiley-Blackwell. Registeredoffice JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,United Kingdom Editorialoffice 9600GarsingtonRoad,Oxford,OX42DQ,UnitedKingdom 2121StateAvenue,Ames,Iowa50014-8300,USA Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,forcustomerservicesandforinformationabouthowto applyforpermissiontoreusethecopyrightmaterialinthisbookpleaseseeourwebsiteat www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. Therightoftheauthortobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordance withtheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem, ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingor otherwise,exceptaspermittedbytheUKCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,withoutthe priorpermissionofthepublisher. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsin printmaynotbeavailableinelectronicbooks. Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarks. Allbrandnamesandproductnamesu sedinthisbookaretradenames,servicemarks, trademarksorregisteredtrademarksoftheirrespectiveowners.Thepublisherisnotassociated withanyproductorvendormentionedinthisbook.Thispublicationisdesignedtoprovide accurateandauthoritativeinformationinregardtothesubjectmattercovered.Itissoldonthe understandingthatthepublisherisnotengagedinrenderingprofessionalservices.If professionaladviceorotherexpertassistanceisrequired,theservicesofacompetent professionalshouldbesought. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Calado,Ricardo. Marineornamentalshrimp:biology,aquaculture,andconservation/ RicardoCalado.—1sted. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN-13:978-1-4051-7086-4(hardback:alk.paper) ISBN-10:1-4051-7086-7(hardback:alk.paper)1.Ornamentalshrimps.2.Marine aquariumanimals.I.Title. SF458.O76C352008 639’.68–dc22 2008002541 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. Setin10/13ptPalatino byNewgenImagingSystems(P)Ltd,Chennai,India PrintedinSingaporebyC.O.S.PrintersPteLtd 1 2008 Calado: “calado_c000” — 2008/5/5 — 15:31 — page iv — #4 TomysonRodrigoandmywifeTânia Calado: “calado_c000” — 2008/5/5 — 15:31 — page v — #5 Calado: “calado_c000” — 2008/5/5 — 15:31 — page vi — #6 Contents Foreword xi Acknowledgements xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Themarineornamentalsindustry 1 1.2 Whatisamarineornamentalshrimp? 3 1.3 Recruitingnewornamentalshrimpspeciesforthemarine aquariumtrade 5 1.4 New‘best-selling’marineornamentalshrimps 6 2 CollectedandTradedSpecies 9 2.1 Collectingsitesandtechniques 9 2.2 Marineornamentalshrimpfamilies 10 2.2.1 FamilyStenopodidae 10 2.2.2 FamilyAlpheidae 14 2.2.3 FamilyGnathophyllidae 16 2.2.4 FamilyHippolytidae 16 2.2.5 FamilyHymenoceridae 20 2.2.6 FamilyPalaemonidae(subfamilyPontoniinae) 20 2.2.7 FamilyPalaemonidae(subfamilyPalaemoninae) 22 2.2.8 FamilyRhynchocinetidae 22 3 EcologicalAspects 23 3.1 Ornamentalshrimpcoloration 23 3.2 Seaanemone–shrimpassociations 24 3.3 Fishcleanershrimps 25 3.4 Goby–shrimpassociations 31 3.5 Otherremarkableassociations 33 3.6 Hymenoceraandtheirstarfishdiet 34 4 ReproductiveBiologyandMatingBehavior 37 4.1 Stenopodideanshrimps 37 4.2 Carideanshrimps 39 Calado: “calado_c000” — 2008/5/5 — 14:16 — page vii — #7 viii Contents 5 LarvalDevelopmentandMetamorphosis 45 5.1 Larvalstagesandmorphology 45 5.2 Energeticaspectsoflarvalbiology 54 5.3 Metamorphosisandsettlementcues 56 6 BroodstockMaintenanceinCaptivity 59 6.1 Broodstockmaturationsystems 59 6.2 Choosingbroodstockandtriggeringmaturationin captivity 70 6.3 Broodstocknutrition 72 6.3.1 Lipids 76 6.3.2 Proteins 78 6.3.3 Carbohydrates 79 6.3.4 Vitamins 79 6.3.5 Minerals 81 6.3.6 Carotenoids 81 6.4 Broodstockconditionandlarvalquality 83 6.4.1 Biochemicalcriteria 84 6.4.2 Morphologicalcriteria 85 6.4.3 Behavioralcriteria 86 6.4.4 Productivecriteria 86 6.4.5 Survivalinstresstests 86 7 LarvalCulture 89 7.1 Larvalculturesystems 89 7.2 Cultureproceduresandselectionofhighqualitylarvae 97 7.2.1 Larvalqualityandculturetankmanagement 97 7.2.2 Waterquality 101 7.2.3 Microbiologicalaspects 102 7.2.4 Importanceofwatertemperature,larvaldensity,and photoperiod 107 7.2.5 Settlementcues 109 7.3 Larvalfeedsandnutrition 112 7.3.1 Microalgae 113 7.3.2 Rotifers 117 7.3.3 Artemia 119 7.3.4 Copepodsandmesocosms 122 7.3.5 Otherdietaryitems 124 7.3.6 Formulatedlarvaldietsanddigestibilityissues 126 8 Grow-out 129 8.1 Grow-outsystemsandcultureprocedures 129 8.2 Grow-outdiets,andnutritionalandenergeticissues 139 Calado: “calado_c000” — 2008/5/5 — 14:16 — page viii — #8 Contents ix 8.3 Wildjuvenileshrimpsraisedincaptivity 143 8.4 Packing,shippingandacclimatizingornamentalshrimps 147 9 OtherMarineOrnamentalDecapodSpecieswith CulturePotential 153 9.1 Marineornamentalporcelaincrabs 153 9.2 Marineornamentalhermitcrabs 157 9.3 Marineornamentalcrabs 161 9.4 Marineornamentallobsters 171 10 FutureImprovementsinMarineOrnamentalShrimpCulture 175 10.1 Broodstockmanagementandmaturation 175 10.2 Larvalculture 177 10.3 Grow-out 179 10.4 Traceabilityandmarketability 182 11 ConservationIssues 185 12 Conclusions 191 Glossary 195 References 201 Index 257 Colourplatesectionafterpage146 Calado: “calado_c000” — 2008/5/5 — 14:16 — page ix — #9 Calado: “calado_c000” — 2008/5/5 — 14:16 — page x — #10

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