Manual on Subsurface Investigations PDF
Preview Manual on Subsurface Investigations
MANUAL ON SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATIONS 1988 Published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Inc. 444 North Capitol Street, N.W.,S uite 225 Washington, D.C. 20001 MANUAL ON SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATIONS 1988 Published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Inc. 444 North Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 225 Washington, D.C. 20001 QCopyright, 1988, by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without written pcrmission of the publishers. The American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials (AASHIO) through its Standing Commit- tee on Highways and its Subcommittees on Materials, and Bridges and Structures have recognized the need for a comprehensive manual that documents and explains the increasingly complex and diverse techniques for conducting subsurface investigations for transportation facilities. Although the AASHTO Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures has previously developed the “Manual on Foundation Investigations,” that manual is specifically focused on the acquisition and use of subsurface investigationi nformation in the design of foundations for bridges and other structures. The subject matter of this publication, “Manual on Subsurface Investigations” is very broad and covers in great detail the many aspects of conducting subsurface investigationsf or transportation facilities, However, it should be noted that subsurface conditionsa re often highly varied and complex. Neither this Manual or any manual can cover every condition likely to be encountered when conducting a subsurface investigation. Consequently although the Manual is comprehensive and detailed, it is but a guide to be supplemented and continually improved by exercising engineering judgment and experience. The “Manual on Subsurface Investigations” was initiated by AASHTO and accomplished through the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) which is funded through AASHTO’s Member Departments. The preparation and editing of the Manual was administered by the Transportation Research Board following NCHRP procedures established by AASHTO. 0 1988 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. CONTENTS ...................................................................... 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 ............................................................................ 1.1 Purpose 1 ............................................................. 1.2 Development of Manual 1 .......................................................................... 1.3 Summary 1 ................................................ 2.0 SUBSURFACE DATA Rl2QUIREMENTS 3 ........................................................................... 2.1 General 3 ......................................... 2.2 Data Requirements Common to Most Projects 4 .............................................. 2.2.1 Definition of Stratum Boundaries 4 ........................................................... 2.2.2 Groundwater Level 4 ........................................................... 2.2.3 Foundation Support 4 ................................................. 2.2.4 Settlement or Heave Potential 5 ..................................................... 2.2.5 Slope or Bottom Stability 5 .................................. 2.2.6 Lateral Earth Pressure and Excavation Support 5 .................................................................. 2.2.7 Dewatering 6 .................................................... 2.2.8 Use of Excavated Material 7 ............................................... 2.3 Other Geotechnical Data Requirements 7 ......................................................... 2.3.1 Geologic Constraints 7 .......................................................... 2.3.2 Seismic Evaluations 8 .................. .............................. 2.3.3 Codon or Decay Potential 9 .................;.. ............................. 2.3.4 Rest Penetration and Freezing 9 ...................................................... 2.3.5 Soil Expansion or Swell 9 ..................................................... 2.3.6 Environmental Concerns 9 ........................................................... 2.3.7 Erosion Protection 10 .............................................. 2.3.8 Permanent Groundwater Control 10 .................................................... 2.3.9 Soil or Rock Modification 10 ............................................................ 2.3.10 Material Sources 12 ............................................................... 2.3.11 Underpinning 12 ................................................ 2.3.12 ht-Construction Maintenance 12 ........................................... 2.4 Usual Data Requirements for Transportation 12 ......................................................... 2.4.1 Bridges and Viaducts 12 .......................................................... 2.4.2 Retaining Structures 13 .......................................... 2.4.2.1 Conventional Retaining Walls 13 ....................................... 2.4.2.2 Crib and Reinforced Earth Walls 14 ..................................................... 2.4.2.3 Diaphragm Walls 14 ....................................................... 2.4.3 Cuts and Embankments 14 ............................................... 2.4.4 Roadway and Airfield Pavements 15 ................................................... 2.4.5 Railroad and lkansit 'Ifacks 15 ........................................... 2.4.6 Tbnnels and Underground Structures 15 ...................................................... 2.4.7 Poles, Masts and Towers 15 ............................................................ 2.4.8 Culverts and Pipes 15 ........................................................... 2.5 Maintenance Management 16 .............................................................. 2.6 Rehabilitation Projects 16 .......................................................... 2.7 Environmental Assessments 17 ......................................................................... 2.8 References 18 ...................................................... 3.0 CONDUCT OF INVESTIGATIONS 19 ...................................................... 3.1 Transportation Project Planning 19 ........................................................... 3.2 Alternate Route Selection 19 iii Contents ................................................ 3.3 Guidelines for Minimum Investigations 20 ............................................................... 3.4 Planning and Phasing ........................................................... 20 I 3.5 Conduct of Investigations. 21 . .............................. 3.5 1 Literature Seasch (Review of Existing Information) 21 .................................................... 3.5.2 Study of Preliminary Plans 21 ................................ 3.5.3 Formulation of Tentative Field Exploration Plans 21 ........................................................ 3.5.4 FieldRecomaissance 21 ...................................................... 3.5.5 Field Geologic Mapping 22 ....................................................... 3.5.6 Subsurface Explorations 22 ......................................................... 3.5.7 Oeophysical Surveys 22 ..................................................... 3.5.8 Hydrogeological Surveys 22 ............................................................ 3.5.9 MaterialsSurveys 23 ................................................................ 3.5.10 FieldTesting 23 .......................................................... 3.5.11 Laboratory Testing 23 ........................................................ 3.5.12 Special Requi.r.e.m.e.n.t.s. ........................................................ 23 3.5.13 Photography 23 ............................................................... 3.6 ReportsandDrawings 24 ............................................................ 3.7 Sources of Existing Data 24 ...................................................... 3.7.1 USGS Quadrangle Maps 24 ................................................... 3.7.2 Bedrock and Surficial Maps 25 ............................................................. 3.7.3 Soil Survey Maps Z ........................... 3.7.3.1 Development of Soil Survey Maps in the U.S. 26 ....................................... 3.7.3.2 Soil Survey Mapping Philosophy 26 ................................ 3.7.3.3 Conversion of Soil Survey Classifications 27 .................................... 3.7.3.4 Engineering Data from Soil Surveys 27 ....................................... 3.7.3.5 General Use of Soil Survey Data 28 .................................................. 3.7.4 Other Sources of Information 28 ......................................................................... 3.8 References 28 ...................................................................... 4.0 FIELD MAPPING 31 ........................................................................... 4.1 General 31 ............................................................ 4.2 Reco~aissanceM apping 31 ..................................................................... 4.2.1 Purpose 31 .............................................................. 4.2.2 Levels of Effort 31 .................................... 4.2.3 Office Reconnaissance and Literature Search 31 ......................................................... 4.2.4 Field Reconnaissance 32 ................................................... 4.2.5 Field Reconnaissance Report 32 ....................................................... 4.3 Engineering Geologic Mapping 32 ................................................... 4.3.1 Project Area Geologic Maps 35 ......................................................... 4.3.2 ROW GeologicMaps 35 ........................................................... 4.3.3 Site Geologic Maps 35 .................................................. 4.3.4 Other Special Geologic Maps 35 ............................. 4.3.5 Integration with General Project Photointerpretation 36 .......................................... 4.3.6 Special Methods of Geologic Mapping 36 ............................................................. 4.3.6.1 TestPits 36 ................................................. 4.3.6.2 Exploration 'henches 36 .................................................... 4.3.6.3 Exploratory Shafts 36 ...................................................... 4.3.7 Rock Structure Mapping 37 ................................................. 4.3.8 Tbnnel Silhouette Photography 37 ................................................................... 4.4 Materials Surveys 39 ............. ... ................................. 4.4.1 County Wide Material Surveys 40 .................................................................... 4.5 Remotesensing 41 .................... 4.5.1 mes. Availability. Advantages and Limitations of Aerial Data 41 ................................................... 4.5.1.1 Aerial Photography 41 ..................................................... 4.5.1.2 Satellite Imagery 42 Contents ..................................................... 4.5.1.3 Infrared Imagery 43 ....................................................... 4.5.1.4 Radar Imagery 43 .......................................................... 4.5.2 Uses of Aerial Data 43 ...... .. ................................................ 4.5.3 Image Interpretation 44 .......................................................... 4.5.3.1 Orientation 45 ................................................ 4.5 A 2 Initial Scan of Imagery 45 .................................. 4.5.3.3 Compilation of the First Interpretation 45 .................................. 4.5.3.4 Assessment of the First Interpretation 45 ..................................................... 4.5.3.5 Field Verification 45 .......................... 4.5.3.6 Finalization of the Photogeologic Interpretation 46 ......................................................................... 4.6 References 46 ................................... . ....................... 5.0 GEOLOGIC CONSTRAINTS 49 ....................................................... 5.1 Providing Design-Related Data 49 .................................................... 5.2 Detection of Geologic Constraints 49 .................................................................... 5.3 Subsidence 51 ....................................................... 5.3.1 Fluid Withdrawal Effect 52 .................................................... 5.3.2 Mining Induced Subsidence 53 .................................................................... 5.3.3 Sinkholes 54 ................................................................ 5.3.4 Growth Faults 55 ....... . ..... .... ..... . ........................................ 5.4 SlopeMovements 55 .............................................. 5.4.1 Classification of Slope Movements 55 ........................................... 5.4.2 Detection of Movement-Prone Areas 56 ............................................. 5.4.3 Geometry of Moving Slope Masses 58 .................................................... 5.4.4 Causes of Slope Movement 58 .................................. 5.4.5 Data Requirements for Analysis and Treatment 58 ............................................................. 5.5 Unstable Soil and Rock 60 ...................................................... 5.5.1 Expansive Soil and Rock 64 ........................................................... 5.5.2 Collapse-Prone Soil 71 ......................................................... 5.5.3 Shale and Clay Shale 71 ........................................................... 5.5.4 Sensitive Clay Soils 73 ..................................................... 5.5.5 Frost Heave Susceptibility 74 ........................................................................... 5.6 Rooding 74 .................. .................. ................................... 5.7 Erosion 74 ......................................................................... 5.8 References 77 .......................................................... 6.0 ENGINEERING GEOPHYSICS 83 ........................................................................ 6.1 Use of Data 84 ................. .. .... . ................................................ 6.2 Scheduling 84 .............................................................. 6.3 Presentation of Results 86 ................................. .......................... 6.3.1 Site Locus Map 86 ........................................................ 6.3.2 Investigation Plan Map 86 ................................................................. 6.3.3 Data Results 86 ..................................................................... 6.4 Major Methods 87 .................................................................... 6.5 SeismicMethods .................................. .. ............... 87 6.5.1 Seismic Refraction Method 88 ....................................................... 6.5.1.1 FieldMethods 88 ......................................... 6.5.1.2 Characterization of Rock %e 90 .......................................................... 6.5.1.3 Limitations 91 ............................. . ..................... 6.5.2 Seismic Reflection Methods 91 ........................................................ 6.6 Electrical Resistivity Methods 92 .................................................................... 6.7 Gravity Method .... 93 ................... ...................................... 6.7.1 Field Methods 95 ................................................. 6.7.2 Interpretation of Gravity Data 95 .................................................................. 6.8 Magnetic Methods 95 ................................................................... 6.9 Borehole Logging % ............................................................ 6.9.1 Electrical Methods 96 .................................................. 6.9.1.1 Borehole Resistivity 97 ....................................... 6.9.1.2 Single-Point Borehole Resistivity 97 ................................................. 6.9.1.3 Spontaneous Potential 97 ............................................................. 6.9.2 Nuclear Methods 98 ............................................................... 6.9.3 Sonic Methods .. 99 ................. ...................................... 6.9.4 Mechanical Methods 100 ....................................................... 6.9.5 Thermometric Methods 100 ........................................................ 6.9.6 General Field Methods 100 ................................................ 6.9.7 Interpretation of Borehole Logs 101 ..................................................... 6.10 Dynamic Property Measurements 101 ............................................................... 6.10.1 Uphole Survey 101 ............................................................. 6.10.2 Downhole Survey 102 ............................................................. 6.10.3 Crosshole Survey 102 .............................................................. 6.11 Subaudible Rock Noise 103 ............................................................... 6.12 Borehole TV Cameras 103 ......................................................................... 6.13 References 103 ................................. 7.0 SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION (Soil and Rock Sampling) 109 ................................................................... 7.1 General Planning 109 ........................................................ 7.2 Management and Supervision 110 .......................................................... 7.3 Contracts and Specifications 110 ............................................................. 7.3.1 Invitation to Bid 110 ..................................................................... 7.3.2 Proposal 111 .......................................................... 7.3.3 Contract Agreement 111 ........................................................... 7.3.4 General Conditions 111 ....................................................... 7.3.5 Technical Specifications 111 ............................................ 7.3.6 Contract Award and Implementation 111 ................................................................ 7.4 Exploration Program 111 ............................................................. 7.4.1 Exploration Plan 111 ............................................................. 7.4.2 Trpes of Borings 112 ......................................................... 7.4.2.1 Pilot Borings 112 ...................................................... 7.4.2.2 Control Borings 112 ................................................... 7.4.2.3 Verification Borings 112 .......................................................... 7.4.3 Exploration Spacing 112 ..................................................... 7.4.3.1 Subgrade Borings 113 .............................. 7.4.3.2 High Embankment and Deep Cut Borings 113 ............................................. 7.4.3.3 Specific Structure Borings 113 ............................................. 7.4.3.4 Critical-Area Explorations 113 ....................................................... 7.4.3.5 nnnel Borings 113 ........................................................... 7.4.4 Exploration Depths 114 ..................................................... 7.4.4.1 Subgrade Borings 114 7.4.4.2 High Embankment and Deep Cut Borings .............................. 114 .............................................. 7.4.4.3 Specific Structure Borings 114 ............................................. 7.4.4.4 Critical-Area Explorations 114 ....................................................... 7.4.4.5 Tunnel Borings 114 ....................................................... 7.4.5 Sampling Requirements 115 ........................................... 7.4.6 Right.of-Entry, Permits. and Utilities 115 ................................................... 7.4.7 Borehole Location Tolerance 115 ........................................................... 7.4.8 Survey of Locations 115 ........................................................... 7.4.9 Drilling Equipment 116 ........................................................... 7.4.10 Special Equipment 116 ................................................................ 7.5 Exploration Methods 116 ....................................................... 7.5.1 Borehole Advancement 116 ................................................. 7.5.1.1 Displacement Borings 116 Contents ........................................................ 7.5.1.2 Wash Borings 117 .................................................... 7.5.1.3 Percussion Drilling 117 ........................................................ 7.5.1.4 Rotary Drilling 118 ....................................................... 7.5.1.5 Auger Borings 119 ................................................. 7.5.1.6 Continuous Sampling 120 ......................................................... 7.5.2 Borehole Stabilization 121 ................................................... 7.5.2.1 Water Stabilization 121 ..................................................... 7.5.2.2 Mud Stabilization 121 ...................................................... 7.5.2.3 Air Stabilization 123 ................................................... 7.5.2.4 Casing Stabilization 124 ........................ ... ....................... 7.5.2.5 Grout Stabilization 125 ................................................. 7.5.2.6 Freezing Stabilization 125 ................................................ 7.5.3 Special Exploration Techniques 126 ................................................... 7.5.3.1 Exploratory Robes 126 .................................................... 7.5.3.2 Hand Explorations 126 ............................................................. 7.5.3.3 Test Pits 127 ............................................. 7.5.3.4 "ODEX" Drilling System 127 ............................................ 7.5.3.5 Horizontal Drilling System 129 ........................................ 7.5.3.6 Underwater Drilling Equipment 131 ....................... .. .............................. 7.6 Overburden (Soil) Sampling 131 ............................................................ 7.6.1 "Wash" Sampling 132 ................................ 7.6.2 Split-Barrel or Split-Spoon Open Drive Sampling 132 ...................................................... 7.6.3 Thin-Wall Tube Sampling 135 ........................................ 7.6.3.1 Thin-Wall Open-Drive Sampler 135 ................................... 7.6.3.2 Mechanicd Stationary Piston Sampler 136 ............................................... 7.6.3.3 Floating Piston Sampler 136 ............................................ 7.6.3.4 Retractable Piston Sampler 137 .................................... 7.6.3.5 Hydraulic/Pneumatic Piston Sampler 137 ................................................. 7.6.3.6 Bishop Sand Sampler 138 ................................................. 7.6.3.7 Swedish Foil Sampler 139 .................................................. 7.6.4 Rotary Core Barrel Sampling 139 ..................................................... 7.6.4.1 Denison Sampler 140 ...................................................... 7.6.4.2 Pitcher Sampler 141 ............................ 7.6.4.3 'Riple Tube Conversion Core Barrel Sampler 141 .............................................................. 7.6.5 Block Sampling 142 ................................................................ 7.7 Rock Core Sampling 142 ..................................................... 7.7.1 Rotary Core Barrel "Qpes 143 ...................................... 7.7.1.1 NWD4 Double Tube Core Barrel 144 ......................................... 7.7.1.2 NWM3 Biple 'Me Core Barrel 145 ................................................... 7.7.2 Specialty Core Barrel Qpes 145 ................................................. 7.7.2.1 Wireline Core Barrel 145 ............................................. 7.7.2.2 Calyx or Shot Core Barrel 146 ............................................. 7.7.2.3 Steel Tooth Cutter Barrel 146 ................................................ 7.7.2.4 Percussion Core Barrel 247 ............................................... 7.7.3 Integral Sampling Method (ISM) 147 ................................... 7.7.3.1 The LNEC Integral Sampling Method 148 ................................... 7.7.3.2 The CISR Integral Sampling Method 149 ........................................ 7.7.3.3 ISM Application Considerations 149 ............................................ 7.7.4 Rock Structure Orientation Methods 150 ...................................... 7.7.4.1 Physical Core Alignment Methods 151 ................................................ 7.7.4.2 Orienting Core Bmels 151 .............................................................. 7.8 Exploration Difficulties 152 ............................................................. 7.8.1 Sample Recovery 152 .......................................................... 7.8.2 Sample Disturbance 152 ................................................................. 7.8.3 Obstructions 153 ........................................... 7.8.4 Specific Geologic Problem Conditions 153 vii Contents 7 .8.5 Groundwater Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 7.8.6 Borehole Sealing ............................................................. 154 7.9 Sample Preservation and Shipment .................................................... 154 7.9.1 Jar Samples .................................................................. 154 7.9.2 Thin-Wall Thbes .............................................................. 1SS 7.9.2.1 Cohesive Samples .................................................... 155 7.9.2.2 Granular Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 7.9.3 Rock Core .................................................•................. 156 7.9.3.1 Selection of Rock Core Test Specimens ................................. 157 7.9.4 Bulk Samples ................................................................ 157 1.9.5 Environmental Test Samples ........................•.......................... 158 7.9.6 Non-Containerized Samples .................................................... 158 7.10 Photographic Record .......•........•..........•.......•................•..•...•.... 158 7.11 Supervision and Inspection of Subsurface Explorations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 7.11.1 Duties and Responsibilities of Logging Personnel. ................................ 159 7.11.2 Logging ' ...................... ' ............................................. 160 7 .11.2.1 Equipment and Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 7.11.2.2 Format and Field Boring Log .......................................... 161 7.11.2.3 Field Boring Log Data ................................................ 161 7.12 Improper Drilling Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 7.13 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 8.0 HYDROGEOLOGY . 175 I ••••• I •••••• I I I •••••••••••••••••••• I ••• I I I •••• I •••• '.I ••••••••••• I 8.1 Terminology .......... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 8.1.1 Aquifer ..................................................................... 175 8.1.2 Artesian .. ................................................................... 175 8.1.3 Groundwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 8.1.4 Hydraulic Conductivity ........................................................ 176 8.1.5 Permeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 8.1.6 Porosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 8.1. 7 Potentiometric Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 8.1.8 Storage Coefficient ...........................•............................... 177 8.1.9 Transmissivity ................................................................ 177 8.1.10 Unconfined ................................................................... 177 8.1.11 Water Table .... , ............................................................ 177 8.2 Use of Hydrogeologic Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 8.2.1 Environmental Effects of Construction .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . . . .. .. . 180 8.3 Data Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 8.3.1 Observation Wells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 8.3.2 Piezometers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 8.4 Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 8.4.1 Potentiometric Surface ........................................................ 183 8.4.2 Flow Nets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 8.5 Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 8.6 Presentation 184 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 10 I I I I I I • I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I t I I I I I I I •• I 8.7 References. 185 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I It I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 tIt t t I I I I I 1 t I It 9.0 LABORATORY TESTING OF SOIL AND ROCK ......................................... 187 9.1 Requirements of the Laboratory ................................................. , .... 187 9.1.1 Equipment .................................................................. 187 9.1.2 Personnel. ................................................................... 187 9 .1.3 Quality Assurance Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 9.2 Planning Project-Related Test Programs ............................................... 188 9.3 Sample Handling ................................................................... 188 9.3.1 Storage and Preparation ....................................................... 188 viii .................................................................. 9.3.2 Disturbance 189 .......................................... 9.3 .2.1 Changes in Stress Conditions 189 .............................. 9.3.2.2 Changes in Water Content and Void Ratio 189 ....................................... 9.3.2.3 Disturbance of the Soil Structure 189 .................................................... 9.3.2.4 Chemical Changes 189 ............................. 9.3.2.5 Mixing and Segregation of Soil Constituents 190 ..................................................... 9.3.3 Undisturbed Soil Samples 190 .............................................. 9.4 Laboratory Aspects of Soil Classification 190 ........................................................... 9.4.1 Grain Size Analysis 190 ...................................................... 9.4.2 Liquid and Plastic Limits 191 ..................................... 9.4.2.1 Correlation with Various Properties 191 .................................. 9.4.2.2 Other Controls Over Atterberg Limits 191 .............................................................. 9.4.3 Specific Gravity 191 ..................................................................... 9.5 Shear Strength 192 ..................................................... 9.5.1 Loading Devices 192 ................................................................. 9.5.2 Direct Shear 192 ................................................. 9.5.3 Unconfined Compression Test 193 ..................................................... 9.5.4 Triaxial Compression Test 193 ....................................... 9.5.4.1 Unconsolidated Undrained Test 194 .......................................... 9.5.4.2 Consolidated Undrained Test 194 ............................................ 9.5.4.3 Consolidated Drained Tests 195 ....................................................... 9.5.5 Laboratory Vane Shear 195 ...................................................................... 9.6 Consolidation 195 ..................................... .. .... ................ 9.6.1 Consolidation Tests 1% ......................................... 9.6.2 Presentation of Consolidation Test Data 196 ....................................................................... 9.7 Permeability 197 ............................................................ 9.7.1 Constant Head Test 197 ............................................................. 9.7.2 Falling Head Test 197 ....................................................... 9.8 Swelling and Collapse Potential 198 .................................. 9.8.1 Soil Suction (Thermocouple Psychrometer) Test 198 ......................................................... 9.8.2 Oedometer Swell Test 198 .................................................................... 9.9 Compaction Test 200 ....................................................... 9.10 Laboratory Beasing-Ratio Test 200 ................................................................. 9.11 Dynamic Properties 201 ......................................................... 9.11.1 Elastic Soil Properties 201 ............................................................... 9.11.2 Damping Ratio 202 ..................................... 9.11.3 Shear Strength and Pore Pressure Response 203 ........................................................ 9.11.4 Resonant Column Test 203 ........................................................... 9.11.5 Cyclic Triaxial Test 204 ......................................................... 9.11.6 Other Dynamic Tests 204 ........................................................... 9.11.6.1 Pulse Tests 204 ............................................. 9.11.6.2 Cyclic Simple Shear Tests 204 ........................................... 9.11.6.3 Cyclii Torsional Shear Tests 204 .................................................................... 9.11.7 Summary 205 ............................................................ 9.12 Laboratory Tests of Rock 205 ................................................................... 9.13 Use of Standards 206 .................................................................... 9.14 Record Keeping 206 ................................................................ 9.15 Presentation of Data 206 ......................................................................... 9.16 References 207 ............ 10.0 COMPILATION AND PRESENTATION OF GEOTECHNICAL INFORMATION 209 ................................................................ 10.1 qpes of Information 209 ................................................... 10.1.1 Factual Information or Data 209 ............................................................. 10.1.2 Interpretive Data 209 ................................................................. 10.2 Uses of Information 209
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