Table Of Content

EIGHTEENTH EDITION R.T. FLOYD Manual of Structural Kinesiology R. T. Floyd EdD, ATC, CSCS Director of Athletic Training and Sports Medicine Professor of Physical Education and Athletic Training Chair, Department of Physical Education and Athletic Training The University of West Alabama (formerly Livingston University) Livingston, Alabama EIGHTEENTH EDITION '''''')'Co nnect Mc Learn Graw Succeed' Hill --de The McGraw-Hill Companies '--''C onnect C Learn raw Succeed- ill Published by McGraw-Hill, an imprint of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998, 1993, 1989, 1985, 1981, 1977, 1973, 1969, 1965, 1961, 1956, 1951, 1948. All rights reserved. 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This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 QDB/QDB 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN: 978-0-07-802251-7 MHID: 0-07-802251-7 Sponsoring Editor: Christopher Johnson Vice President, Editorial: Michael Ryan Marketing Manager: Caroline McGillen Publisher: David Patterson Developmental Editor: Lynda Huenefeld Production Editor: Holly Paulsen Manuscript Editor: Mary Roybal Design Manager: Allister Fein Cover Designer: Allister Fein Buyer: Tandra Jorgensen Media Project Manager: Jennifer Barrick Composition: 10.5/12.5 Garamond by Thompson Type Printing: PMS 200, 45# New Era Matte Plus, Quad/Graphics Cover: Helen McArdle Credits: The credits section for this book begins on page 393 and is considered an extension of the copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Floyd, R. T Manual of structural kinesiology / R.T. Floyd. 18th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-07-802251-7 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-07-802251-7 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Kinesiology. 2. Human locomotion. 3. Muscles. I. Title. [DNLM: 1. Movement—physiology. 2. Kinesiology, Applied. 3. Muscles—physiology. WE 103] QP303.T58 2012 612.7'6—dc23 2011020728 The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill, and McGraw-Hill does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites. www.mhhe.com Contents Preface, v 1 Foundations of Structural Kinesiology, 1 2 Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 35 3 Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts, 69 4 The Shoulder Girdle, 87 5 The Shoulder Joint, 109 6 The Elbow and Radioulnar Joints, 141 7 The Wrist and Hand Joints, 167 8 Muscular Analysis of Upper-Extremity Exercises, 205 9 The Hip Joint and Pelvic Girdle, 227 10 The Knee Joint, 271 11 The Ankle and Foot Joints, 291 12 The Trunk and Spinal Column, 327 13 Muscular Analysis of Trunk and Lower- Extremity Exercises, 361 Appendix, 375 Glossary, 385 Illustration credits, 393 Index, 395 www.mhhe.com/floyd18e iii Preface In this revision, I have attempted to fine tune the ing courses in human anatomy and physiology. chapters for increased consistency and clarity while While primarily utilized in physical education, ex- maintaining the successful presentation approach ercise science, athletic training, physical therapy, the late Dr. Clem Thompson established from 1961 and massage therapy curriculums, it is often used through 1989. I first used this book as an under- as a continuing reference by other clinicians and graduate and later in my teachings over the years. educators in addressing musculoskeletal concerns Having developed great respect for this text and of the physically active. Applied kinesiologists, Dr. Thompson's style, it is my intention to continue athletic trainers, athletic coaches, physical educa- to preserve the effectiveness of this time-honored tors, physical therapists, occupational therapists, text, while adding material pertinent to the profes- health club instructors, strength and conditioning sions working with today's ever-growing physically specialists, personal trainers, massage therapists, active population. Hopefully, I have maintained physicians, and others who are responsible for a clear, concise, and simple presentation method evaluating, improving, and maintaining the mus- supplemented with applicable information gained cular strength, endurance, flexibility, and overall through my research and career experiences. health of individuals will benefit from this text. This text, now in its 64th year, has undergone With the ever-continuing growth in the num- many revisions over the years. My goal continues ber of participants of all ages in a spectrum of to be making the material as applicable as pos- physical activity, it is imperative that medical, sible to physical activity and to make it more un- health, fitness, and education professionals in- derstandable and easier to use for the student and volved in providing instruction and information professional. While reading this text, I challenge to the physically active be correct and account- kinesiology students and professionals to immedi- able for the teachings that they provide. The va- ately apply the content to physical activities with riety of exercise machines, techniques, strength- which they are individually familiar. I hope that ening and flexibility programs, and training the reader will simultaneously palpate his or her programs is continuously expanding and chang- own moving joints and contracting muscles to gain ing, but the musculoskeletal system is constant application. Concurrently, I encourage students to in its design and architecture. Regardless of the palpate the joints and muscles of fellow students goals sought or the approaches used in exercise to gain a better appreciation of the wide range activity, the human body is the basic ingredient of normal anatomy and, when possible, appreci- and must be thoroughly understood and consid- ate the variation from normal found in injured and ered to maximize performance capabilities and pathological musculoskeletal anatomy. Addition- minimize undesirable results. Most advances in ally, with the tremendous growth of information exercise science continue to result from a bet- and media available via the Internet and other ter understanding of the body and how it func- technological means, I encourage careful and con- tions. I believe that an individual in this field tinuous exploration of these resources. These re- can never learn enough about the structure and sources should be helpful, but must be reviewed function of the human body. with a critical eye, as all information should be. Those who are charged with the responsibility of providing instruction and consultation to the physi- Audience cally active will find this text a helpful and valuable resource in their never-ending quest for knowledge This text is designed for students in an undergrad- and understanding of human movement. uate structural kinesiology course after complet- www.mhhe.com/floyd18e New to this edition eleven reviewers. These reviews have been an extremely helpful guide in this revision and the Some additional content has been added along suggestions have been incorporated to the extent with slight revisions in many areas. Previously possible when appropriate. These reviewers are: added tables and illustrations have been refined William Croninger, University of New and updated. Some photographs and figures have England been added or replaced to improve the visual quality and clarity. The chapter worksheet exer- Luciano Debeljuk, Southern Illinois cises have been revised and a few laboratory and University review exercises have been added or refined. The Michael Esco, Auburn University at websites have been reviewed for relevance and Montgomery currency with appropriate adjustments made. Ad- ditional links have been added to the book web- Carolyn Galleher, Gannon University site and will be updated accordingly as new sites Barry Gross, Eastern International College are discovered. Additional questions and exercises have been and will continue to be added to the Chad Harris, Western New Mexico University book website. Finally, several new terms have David Miller, Springfield College been added to the Glossary. Christine Odell, Metro State College of Online Learning Center Denver Lorna Strong, West Texas A & M University www.mhhe.com/floyd18e The Online Learning Center to accompany this Georgios Stylianides, University of Scranton text offers a number of additional resources for Michelle Woodbury, University of Florida both students and instructors. Visit this website to I would like to especially thank the kinesiology/ find useful materials such as these: athletic training students and faculty of The Univer- For the instructor: sity of West Alabama for their suggestions, advice, • Downloadable PowerPoint presentations and input throughout this revision. Their assistance • Image bank and suggestions have been very helpful. I am par- • Test bank questions ticularly grateful to Mr. Britt Jones of Livingston, • CPS questions Alabama, for his outstanding photography. I also • End-of-chapter exercise and worksheet answers acknowledge Mr. John Hood and Mrs. Lisa Floyd of Birmingham and Livingston, Alabama, respec- For the student: tively, for the fine photographs. Special thanks to • Self-scoring multiple choice, matching, and Mrs. Linda Kimbrough of Birmingham, Alabama, video quizzes for her superb illustrations and insight. I appreci- • Anatomy flashcards and crossword puzzles for ate the models for the photographs, Mrs. Audrey learning key terms and their definitions Crawford, Mr. Fred Knighten, Mr. Darrell Locket, Mr. • Student Success Strategies Matthew Phillips, Mr. Jay Sears, Mr. Marcus Shapiro, • Glossary and Mr. David Whitaker. My thanks also go to Lynda Huenefeld and the McGraw-Hill staff who have Acknowledgments been most helpful in their assistance and suggestions in preparing the manuscript for publication. I am very appreciative of the numerous com- R. T. Floyd ments, ideas, and suggestions provided by the vi www.mhhe.com/floyd18e About the Author R. T. Floyd is in his thirty-eighth year of providing athletic 1992 with the twelfth edition after the passing of Dr. Clem training services for the University of West Alabama. Cur- W. Thompson, who authored the fourth through the elev- rently, he serves as the Director of Athletic Training and enth editions. In 2010, much of the content of this text was Sports Medicine for the UWA Athletic Training and Sports incorporated into Kinesiology for Manual Therapies, which Medicine Center, Program Director for UWA's CAATE ac- he co-authored with Nancy Dail and Tim Agnew. credited curriculum, and as a professor in the Department of Physical Education and Athletic Training, which he Floyd is a certified member of the National Athletic Train- chairs. He has taught numerous courses in physical educa- ers' Association, a Certified Strength & Conditioning Special- tion and athletic training, including kinesiology, at both the ist, and a Certified Personal Trainer in the National Strength undergraduate and graduate levels since 1980. and Conditioning Association. He is also a Certified Athletic Equipment Manager in the Athletic Equipment Managers' Floyd has maintained an active professional life through- Association, a member of the American College of Sports out his career. He is currently serving in his third term on Medicine, the American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Med- the National Athletic Trainers' Association (NATA) Board icine, the American Osteopathic Academy of Sports Medi- of Directors representing District IX, the Southeast Athletic cine, the American Sports Medicine Fellowship Society, and Trainers' Association (SEATA). He also served two years as the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recre- the NATA District IX Chair on the NATA Research and Edu- ation and Dance. Additionally, he is licensed in Alabama as cation Foundation Board before being elected as Member an Athletic Trainer and an Emergency Medical Technician. Development Chair and then to his current position as Vice President for District Relations on the Board. Previously, he Floyd was presented the NATA Athletic Trainer Service served as the District IX representative to the NATA Edu- Award in 1996, the Most Distinguished Athletic Trainer cational Multimedia Committee from 1988 to 2002. He has Award by the NATA in 2003, and received the NATA Sayers served as the Convention Site Selection Chair for District "Bud" Miller Distinguished Educator Award in 2007. He re- IX from 1986 to 2004 and has directed the annual SEATA ceived the District IX Award for Outstanding Contribution Competencies in Athletic Training Student Workshop since to the field of Athletic Training by SEATA in 1990 and the 1997. He has also served as a NATA BOC examiner for well Award of Merit in 2001 before being inducted into the or- over a decade and has served as a Joint Review Committee ganization's Hall of Fame in 2008. He was named to Who's on Educational Programs in Athletic Training site visitor Who Among America's Teachers in 1996, 2000, 2004, and several times. He has provided over a hundred professional 2005. In 2001, he was inducted into the Honor Society of presentations at the local, state, regional, and national lev- Phi Kappa Phi and the University of West Alabama Athletic els and has also had several articles and videos published Hall of Fame. He was inducted into the Alabama Athletic related to the practical aspects of athletic training. He Trainers' Association Hall of Fame in May 2004. began authoring the Manual of Structural Kinesiology in www.mhhe.com/floyd18e vii To my family, Lisa, Robert Thomas, Jeanna, Rebecca, and Kate who understand, support, and allow me to pursue my profession and to my parents, Ruby and George Franklin, who taught me the importance of a strong work ethic with quality results R.T.F. Chapter 1 Foundations of Structural Kinesiology Objectives inesiology may be defined as the study of KK the principles of anatomy (active and passive • To review the anatomy of the skeletal system structures), physiology, and mechanics in relation to human movement. The emphasis of this text • To review and understand the terminology is structural kinesiology—the study of mus- used to describe body part locations, reference cles, bones, and joints as they are involved in the positions, and anatomical directions science of movement. To a much lesser degree, • To review the planes of motion and their certain physiological and mechanical principles respective axes of rotation in relation to human are addressed to enhance the understanding of movement the structures discussed. Bones vary in size and shape, which factors • To describe and understand the various types into the amount and type of movement that oc- of bones and joints in the human body and their curs between them at the joints. The types of joint functions, features, and characteristics vary in both structure and function. Muscles also vary greatly in size, shape, and structure from one • To describe and demonstrate the joint part of the body to another. movements Anatomists, athletic trainers, physical therapists, occupational therapists, physicians, nurses, massage therapists, coaches, strength and conditioning specialists, performance enhancement specialists, Online Learning Center Resources personal trainers, physical educators, and others in health-related fields should have an adequate Visit Manual of Structural Kinesiology's Online Learning knowledge and understanding of all the large Center at www.mhhe.com/floyd18e for additional muscle groups so they can teach others how to information and study material for this chapter, including: strengthen, improve, and maintain these parts of • Self-grading quizzes the human body. This knowledge forms the basis • Anatomy flashcards of the exercise programs that should be followed • Animations to strengthen and maintain all the muscles. In most cases, exercises that involve the larger primary movers also involve the smaller muscles. More than 600 muscles are found in the human body. In this book, an emphasis is placed on the larger muscles that are primarily involved in www.mhhe.com/floyd18e 1 Chapter 1 movement of the joints. Details related to many of Reference positions the small muscles located in the hands, feet, and spinal column are provided to a lesser degree. It is crucial for kinesiology students to begin with Fewer than 100 of the largest and most impor- a reference point in order to better understand tant muscles, primary movers, are considered in this the musculoskeletal system, its planes of motion, text. Some small muscles in the human body, such joint classification, and joint movement terminol- as the multifidus, plantaris, scalenus, and serratus ogy. Two reference positions can be used as a posterior, are omitted because they are exercised basis from which to describe joint movements. with other, larger primary movers. In addition, most The anatomical position is the most widely small muscles of the hands and feet are not given used and is accurate for all aspects of the body. the full attention provided to the larger muscles. Fig. 1.1 demonstrates this reference position, with Many small muscles of the spinal column are not the subject standing in an upright posture, facing considered in full detail. straight ahead, with feet parallel and close and Kinesiology students frequently become so en- palms facing forward. The fundamental posi- grossed in learning individual muscles that they lose tion is essentially the same as the anatomical po- sight of the total muscular system. They miss the sition, except that the arms are at the sides with "big picture"—that muscle groups move joints in the palms facing the body. given movements necessary for bodily movement and skilled performance. Although it is vital to learn Reference lines the small details of muscle attachments, it is even more critical to be able to apply the information to To further assist in understanding the location of real-life situations. Once the information can be ap- one body part in relation to another, certain im- plied in a useful manner, the specific details are usu- aginary reference lines may be used. Some ex- ally much easier to understand and appreciate. amples follow. c) ali h p e c or ( eri p u S Anterior (ventral) Posterior (dorsal) E a 0 - a o 0 - o FIG. 1.1 • Anatomical position and anatomical directions. Anatomical directions refer to the position of one body part in relation to another. 2 www.mhhe.com/floyd18e