Managing Forest Ecosystems: The Challenge of Climate Change (Managing Forest Ecosystems)

334 Pages·2008·4.09 MB·English

by  Felipe Bravo

Managing Forest Ecosystems:
The Challenge of Climate Change
Managing Forest Ecosystems
Volume 17
Series Editors:
Klaus Gadow
Georg-August-University,
Göttingen, Germany
Timo Pukkala
University of Joensuu,
Joensuu, Finland
and
Margarida Tomé
Instituto Superior de Agronomía,
Lisbon, Portugal
Aims & Scope:
Well-managed forests and woodlands are a renewable resource, producing essential raw material with
minimum waste and energy use. Rich in habitat and species diversity, forests may contribute to increased
ecosystem stability. They can absorb the effects of unwanted deposition and other disturbances and protect
neighbouring ecosystems by maintaining stable nutrient and energy cycles and by preventing soil degradation
and erosion. They provide much-needed recreation and their continued existence contributes to stabilizing
rural communities.
Forests are managed for timber production and species, habitat and process conservation. A subtle shift
frommultiple-use management toecosystems management is being observed and the new ecological
perspective of multi-functional forest management is based on the principles of ecosystem diversity,
stability and elasticity, and the dynamic equilibrium of primary and secondary production.
Making full use of new technology is one of the challenges facing forest management today.
Resource information must be obtained with a limited budget. This requires better timing of resource
assessment activities and improved use of multiple data sources. Sound ecosystems management, like
any other management activity, relies on effective forecasting and operational control.
The aim of the book series Managing Forest Ecosystems is to present state-of-the-art research
results relating to the practice of forest management. Contributions are solicited from prominent authors.
Each reference book, monograph or proceedings volume will be focused to deal with a specific context.
Typical issues of the series are: resource assessment techniques, evaluating sustainability for even-aged
and uneven-aged forests, multi-objective management, predicting forest development, optimizing forest
management, biodiversity management and monitoring, risk assessment and economic analysis.
The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.
Felipe Bravo • Valerie LeMay
Robert Jandl • Klaus von Gadow
Editors
Managing Forest
Ecosystems: The Challenge
of Climate Change
Editors
Dr. Felipe Bravo Dr. Valerie LeMay
University of Valladolid, University of British
Palencia Columbia, Vancouver, BC,
Spain Canada
[email protected] valerie.lemay@ ubc.ca
Dr. Robert Jandl Prof. Klaus von Gadow
Research and Training Centre for Forest, Georg-August-Universität,
Landscape and Natural Hazards (BFW), Göttingen,
Vienna, Austria Germany
robert.jandl@ bfw.gv.at [email protected]
ISBN 978-1-4020-8342-6 e-ISBN 978-1-4020-8343-3
Library of Congress Control Number: 2008921934
© 2008 Springer Science + Business Media, B.V.
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written
p ermission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose
of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Printed on acid-free paper
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
springer.com
Foreword
Climate changes, particularly warming trends, have been recorded around the globe.
For many countries, these changes in climate have become evident through insect
epidemics (e.g., Mountain Pine Beetle epidemic in Western Canada, bark beetle in
secondary spruce forests in Central Europe), water shortages and intense forest fires
in the Mediterranean countries (e.g., 2005 droughts in Spain), and unusual storm
activities (e.g., the 2004 South-East Asia Tsunami). Climate changes are expected
to impact vegetation as manifested by changes in vegetation extent, migration of
species, tree species composition, growth rates, and mortality. The International
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has included discussions on how forests may be
impacted, and how they may be used to mitigate the impacts of changes in climate,
to possibly slow the rate of change.
This book provides current scientific information on the biological and economical
impacts of climate changes in forest environments, as well as information on how
forest management activities might mitigate these impacts, particularly through
carbon sequestration. Case studies from a wide geographic range are presented.
This information is beneficial to managers and researchers interested in climate
change and impacts upon forest environments and economic activities.
This volume, which forms part of Springer’s book series Managing Forest
Ecosystems, presents state-of-the-art research results, visions and theories, as well
as specific methods for sustainable forest management in changing climatic conditions.
The book contains a wealth of information which may be useful to foresters and
forest managers, politicians and the legal and policy environment and forestry
administrators. The volume is subdivided into five parts. The first part presents an
introduction which clarifies the context and sets the scene, in particular focusing on
climatic change and its impact on forest management, the mitigation potential of
sustainable forestry and the role of adaptive management and research. The second
part titled “Overview of Climate Change and Forest Reponses” provide a general
overview, including information about Greenhouse gas emissions from mountain
forests, the capacity of forests to cope with climate change and the role of dead
trees in carbon sequestration. The third part presents monitoring and modeling
approaches. This includes methods to estimate carbon stocks and stock changes
in forests at different scales of resolution, methods to estimate climate change
impacts on forest health, an overview of forest eco-physiological models and
v
vi Foreword
recent advancements in techniques for assessing and monitoring carbon stocks. In
the fourth part, several approaches to economic analyses of different management
scenarios are presented, including the influence of carbon sequestration in an opti-
mal set of coppice rotations, carbon in forests and wood products, and climatic
impacts on forest economies, including changes in harvest cycles and the use of
wood. Finally, a range of case studies on climate change impacts and mitigation
activities in different ecosystems across Europe, Asia and America is presented in
Part V. The case studies include forest plantations as well as tropical and
Mediterranean forests.
We wish to acknowledge the valuable contributions made by our referees, for
their constructive criticism and improvement. Finally, we appreciate the diligent
proofreading and editing assistance provided by Celia Redondo of University of
Valladolid at Palencia and Ria Kanters of Springer.
Felipe Bravo
Valerie LeMay
Robert Jandl
Klaus von Gadow
Contents
Foreword ......................................................................................................... v
Part I Introduction
Introduction .................................................................................................... 3
F. Bravo, R. Jandl, K. V. Gadow, and V. LeMay
Part II Overview of Climate Change and Forest Responses
A Mechanistic View of the Capacity of Forests to Cope
with Climate Change ..................................................................................... 15
F. Valladares
Greenhouse-gas Emissions from Temperate Mountain Forests ................ 41
R. Jandl, G. Wieser, F. Hagedorn, and A. Schindlbacher
Part III Monitoring and Modeling
Estimating Carbon Stocks and Stock Changes in Forests:
Linking Models and Data Across Scales ...................................................... 63
V. LeMay and W. A. Kurz
Forest Eco-physiological Models and Carbon Sequestration .................... 83
T. Keenan, S. Sabaté, and C. Gracia
Infl uence of Climatic Variables on Crown Condition
in Pine Forests of Northern Spain ................................................................ 103
A. V. Sanz-Ros, J. A. Pajares, and J. J. Diez
vii
viii Contents
Part IV Economic and Management Impacts
Infl uence of Carbon Sequestration in an Optimal Set of Coppice
Rotations for Eucalyptus Plantations ........................................................... 119
L. Diaz-Balteiro and L. C. E. Rodríguez
Use of Forests and Wood Products to Mitigate Climate Change ............... 137
L. Valsta, B. Lippke, J. Perez-Garcia, K. Pingoud, J. Pohjola,
and B. Solberg
Biomass Forest in Sweden and Carbon Emissions Balance ....................... 151
T. Johansson
Taper Equations and Wood Products: Assessing the Carbon Flow
of the Forest Through Its Products .............................................................. 165
I. Lizarralde, M. Broto, F. Rodríguez, and F. Bravo
Forest Management Strategies and Carbon Sequestration ....................... 179
F. Bravo, M. del Río, A. Bravo-Oviedo, C. Del Peso,
and G. Montero
Analysing the Effects of Forest Structure on Carbon Stocks
and Timber Production Under Changing
Management and Climate ............................................................................. 195
J. Garcia-Gonzalo, H. Peltola, A. Zubizarreta-Gerendiain,
and S. Kellomäki
Part V Case Studies
Carbon Sequestration in Mediterranean Pine Forests ............................... 221
M. del Río, I. Barbeito, A. Bravo-Oviedo, R. Calama, I. Cañellas,
C. Herrero, and F. Bravo
Carbon Sequestration of Ponderosa Pine Plantations
in Northwestern Patagonia ............................................................................ 247
P. Laclau, E. Andenmatten, F. J. Letourneau, and G. Loguercio
Assessing Pine Wilt Disease Risk Under a Climate
Change Scenario in Northwestern Spain ..................................................... 269
G. Pérez, J. J. Díez, F. Ibeas, and J. A. Pajares
Dynamics of Soil Carbon in Primary and Secondary
Tropical Forests in Colombia ........................................................................ 283
F. H. Moreno and S. F. Oberbauer
Contents ix
Carbon Sequestration Potential of Mangroves
in Southeast Asia ............................................................................................ 297
Mohd Nazip Suratman
Silviculture and Carbon Sequestration
in Mediterranean Oak Forests ...................................................................... 317
I. Cañellas, M. Sánchez-González, S. M. Bogino, P. Adame,
C. Herrero, S. Roig, M. Tomé, J. A. Paulo, and F. Bravo