M. Tullius Cicero, the fragmentary speeches : an edition with commentary

347 Pages·1994·17.381 MB·English

by  Jane W. Crawford

JANE w. CRAWFORD
M. TULLIUS CICERO
THE FRAGMENTARY SPEECHES
AN EDITION WITH COMMENTARY
AMERICAN PHILOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION
American Classical Studies
Series Editor
David L. Blank
Number 33
M. Tullius Cicero
The Fragmentary Speeches
An Edition with Commentary
by
Jane W. Crawford
Jane W. Crawford
M. TULLIUS CICERO
The Fragmentary Speeches
AN EDITION WITH COMMENTARY
Scholars Press
Atlanta, Georgia
Μ. TULLIUS CICERO
The Fragmentary Speeches
AN EDITION WITH COMMENTARY
by
Jane W. Crawford
© 1994
The American Philological Association
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Cicero, Marcus Tullius.
[Orationes. Selections]
M. Tullius Cicero, the fragmentary speeches : an edition with
commentary / Jane Crawford.
p. cm.— (American classical studies ; no. 33)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-55540-939-3 (alk. paper).—ISBN 1-55540-953-9 (pbk.)
1. Speeches, addresses, etc., Latin. 2. Rome—Politics and
government—265-30 B. C. —Sources. 3. Lost literature—Rome.
I. Crawford, Jane W. Π. Title. ΠΙ. Title: Fragmentary speeches.
IV. Series.
PA6283.A2 1993
875\01—dc20 93-43553
CIP
Printed in the United States of America
on acid-free paper

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface ix
Introduction 1
Pro Vareno 7
Cum quaestor Lilybaeo decederet 19
Pro P. Oppio 23
De or Pro C. Manilio 33
De rege Alexandrino 43
Pro C. Fundanio 59
Pro C. Cornelio I and II 67
ProQ. Gallio 149
In toga Candida 163
De proscriptorum liberis 205
De Othone or Cum a ludis contionem avocavit 213
Contra contionem Q. Metelli 219
In P. Clodium et Curionem 233
Pro P. Vatinio 271
De aere alieno Milonis 281
In P. Servilium Isauricum 305
Pro negotiatoribus Achaeis 311
Bibliography 315
Manuscripts and Editions Cited 315
Secondary Literature 325
Index Fontium 335
Index Nominum 341
Index Rerum
Preface
This book has been long in the writing, and there are many institutions and
individuals who have helped me on the way. It is a pleasure to acknowledge their
support, financial and other.
The American Academy in Rome has been for me the "locus amoenus"
where I spent many happy months working on this book. Over the years, I have
returned to the Academy library with the greatest pleasure, confident that the
resources I needed would be at hand, and that the staff, especially Lucilla Marino
and Antonella Bucci, would provide whatever help I needed. I worked there on
this project for periods ranging from a few days to several months at various
times in the 1980s and 90s, and I am grateful to the Academy for those
opportunities.
I would also like to acknowledge the support of the Institute for
Advanced Study in Princeton, where I was a Fellow of the School of Historical
Studies in 1988-89. I received excellent guidance from Professors Christian
Habicht and Glen Bowersock, and enormous support from the Library staff. In
1989-90, while on sabbatical, I worked in the University Library of Padova, the
Library of the Facolta of Classics, and the Marciana. I would like to thank their
staffs as well, for their kindness and patience. Likewise, I have benefitted from
the wonderful collections of the British Library, and have appreciated the
opportunity to be among the last group of scholars to work both in the
inspirational Round Reading Room and in the North Library, whose pleasant
staff I will miss.
It would not have been possible to visit any of these venues were it not
for the support of the Dean, Sr. Mary Milligan, R.S.H.M., and the Research
Committee of Loyola Mary mount University. I am very grateful to the
University for continuous encouragement and financial help in making it
possible for me to devote much of my summer research time to work on the
fragmentary speeches.
I have also become indebted to many scholars in writing this book. I
cannot acknowledge them all in this small space, but I would like to name some
people without whom I never would have finished the book. Professor Erich
Gruen of the University of California at Berkeley has been my guide and mentor
throughout this project, and has generously shared with me his incredible
knowledge of Roman history and his keen insights into the political milieu of
Cicero and company for more than a decade. I have also had much guidance and
Cicero: The Fragmentary Speeches
χ
support from Professor Andrew Dyck of UCLA, and have enjoyed long
conversations with him on matters Ciceronian. Fergus Millar, Michael Reeve,
Nicholas Horsfall, Ann and Darby Scott, Matthew Dillon, Harry Gotoff, Jeffrey
Tatum, Christopher Craig, John Ramsey, Charles Segal and Ted Champlin have
all read some or all of this work at various times, and have given me the benefit
of their advice, suggestions, and corrections. They have saved me from many
errors of content and presentation, and I am grateful to each for their care and
concern. The anonymous readers for the ΑΡΑ also deserve thanks for their
helpful criticisms and comments.
I would also like to thank the current editor of the ΑΡΑ Monograph
series, David Blank, and the former editor, Matthew Santirocco, for their
encouragement. The technical advisors at Scholars Press, Dennis Ford and
Darwin Melnyk, have patiently seen me through the creation of camera-ready
copy, and Jamie Jardine at Collegiate Press did a wonderful printing job. And I
am extremely grateful to my research assistant, Michelle Roland, for her cheerful
skill at the computer and her wonderful eye for proofreading. I could not have
done it without her help. My sister, Katie Johnson, and my daughter, Katie
Crawford, have always believed in me, and I thank them.
But my greatest thanks I owe to my wonderful husband, Bernard
Frischer. A classical scholar and author himself, he has guided me and
encouraged me and kept me from giving up on Cicero over and over again. His
knowledge of all things classical has stirred me to investigate all the
possibilities; his questions have made me look for answers I never would have
suspected; his energy and drive have sustained me on this long journey of
scholarship. Bernie is truly a scholar, and he has helped me to become one too.
For his patience and his love, his support and his appreciation, I give him all
my thanks. I dedicate this book to him, mi carissime et optime vir.
Los Angeles, California
December 1,1993
INTRODUCTION
The present volume contains testimonia and fragments of Cicero's speeches
which circulated in antiquity but which have since been lost. They are known
primarily from citations by Cicero himself and by later authors and from the
lemmata of the scholia on Cicero's speeches.1 The range of ancient sources
which preserve the fragments of the speeches is very wide, beginning with
Cicero and going all the way to the 6th century A. D. Most of the citations
come from rhetoricians and grammarians such as Quintilian, Priscian, Aquila,
Charisius, Arusianus Messius and the like, who picked.out words or phrases
from the speeches available to them for comment. These are generally rather
short, sometimes limited to a single word. On the other hand, the scholiasts—
Asconius Pedianus and the so-called Bobbio scholiast—preserved longer bits of
the speeches on which they commented at length.
As to the circumstances which led to the damage (or, in some cases, to
the near complete loss) of these speeches, there is no clue. Nor can an ancient
pattern of publication or of collection be adduced which would account for the
loss of these particular orations.2 The extant fragments come from speeches
given as early as the 70s, near the beginning of Cicero's political career, and as
late as 43 Β. C, the year of his death. They include speeches before the senate,
before various quaestiones, in contiones to the people. They deal with private
law, crimes against the state, elections, public business, religion. There are
among them speeches on behalf of friends, legal clients, political associates, and
against enemies, competitors, political opponents. Even their titles range from
A to V! So there is no theory—except for the operation of chance—by which to
^ee L. D. Reynolds, ed., Texts and Transmission (Oxford 1983), 54-57.
The authors of the section on Cicero's speeches, M. D. Reeve and R. H. Rouse,
comment as follows on the fate of the speeches of Cicero: "...not all have travelled
the long road from the forum to the libraries of the present day....Others...reached the
fifth century but not the Middle Ages" (54).
2On the question of how collections of the speeches were organized in
antiquity, see J. E. G. Zetzel, "Emendavi ad Tironem: Some Notes on Scholarship in
the Second Century A. D.," HSCP 77 (1973), 225-243, who points out that the
problem "has not been adequately studied" (230 n21). That chronological
arrangement must have existed in antiquity is proved by the existence of Paris. Lat.
7794; on this see Reynolds, 57 ff. But the medieval picture is mostly one of random
or seemingly random collections (ibid.).
ι
2 Cicero: The Fragmentary Speeches
explain their damage and loss. Nor may we infer that the speeches from which
the citations come necessarily survived in their entirety as late as the lifetime of
the person quoting Cicero, since it is always possible that he was working at
second hand. That these speeches are preserved to any extent at all is itself
remarkable.
Equally remarkable is the fact that they have not received more
systematic attention in the past. Each speech is a valuable source of information
about Cicero, his career, and the turbulent times in which he lived. At the time
of their delivery, each speech was considered important enough by Cicero to
publish.3 Nevertheless, the harvest of modern scholarship on them is quite
meager.
These materials were first collected in 1559 by the famous North Italian
humanist, Carlo Sigonio.4 Within two years of Sigonio's edition, the great
Polish churchman and man of letters, Andrzej Nidecki (his Latin nom-de-plume
is Andreas Patricius), published his collection of the fragments of the speeches.5
This work improved on its predecessor by adding four new speeches to those
already published by Sigonio, and by expansion of Sigonio's commentary.6
Patricius also published a second edition of his collection, in 1565, with indices
and an augmented commentary.7 Useful as Patricius' collection was, it seems
not to have had a large print run and so has remained less known than it deserves
to be.
Since this productive flurry of activity in the sixteenth century, most of
the labor expended on Cicero's fragmentary speeches can be fairly characterized as
"riscaldare la minestre." Exceptionally important contributions were made by
Angelo Mai and Amadeus Peyron in the nineteenth century, and in our century
3 An exception to this is the strange speech in P. Clodium et Curionem, on
which see below, 233-269. On the publication of speeches by Cicero, see J. W.
Crawford, M. Tullius Cicero: The Lost and Unpublished Orations (Gottingen 1984),
1-7.
^Fragmenta Ciceronis, Caroli Sigonii diligentia collecta. Venetiis, ex
officina Stellae, Iordani Zilleti, 1559. Sigonio published a second edition, with some
additions and changes and a limited commentary, in 1560: Fragmenta Ciceronis,
passim dispersa, Caroli Sigonii diligentia collecta et scholiis illustrata, quae secunda
pagina indicat secunda editio. Venetiis. Ex officina Iordani Zilleti, 1560. I have not
included in my count of fragmentary speeches the pro Tullio, pro Fonteio> de lege
agraria, in Pisonem, and pro Scauro, which were known to both Sigonio and
Patricius, because in large part the texts of these orations have since been discovered.
See below, 4 nl3. On Sigonio (1522/3-1584), see W. McCuaig, Carlo Sigonio. The
Changing World of the Late Renaissance (Princeton 1989).
^Fragmentorum Μ. T. Ciceronis tomi MI, cum And. Patricii adnotationibus.
Venetiis, Ziletum, 1561. On Patricius (1522-1587), see L. Hajdukiewicz, Polski
Slownik Biograficzny, vol. 22 (Warsaw 1977), 713-717.
^Sigonio's 1559 edition had fragments of 15 speeches; he added two more
in the 1560 edition. Patricius may not have been aware of Sigonio's additions,
because one of them, the de Othone, is not in Patricius' edition of 1561. (He added it
his edition of 1565).
7M. T. Ciceronis Fragmentorum tomi MI, cum And. Patricii adnotationibus.
Indices. Venetiis, Stellae lor. Zileti, 1565.