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ANU YIJÄLÄ & MARIA NYMAN LIVING IN LIMBO Qualitative case study of skilled Iraqi asylum seekers in Finland 1 RESEARCH SERIES 2017 TIEDUSTELUT PUHELIN FÖRFRÅGNINGAR TELEFON INQUIRIES TELEPHONE Anu Yijälä, p. - tel. +358 9 310 36522 +358 9 310 1612 LIVING IN LIMBO Qualitative case study of skilled Iraqi asylum seekers in Finland ANU YIJÄLÄ & MARIA NYMAN TUTKIMUKSIA UNDERSÖKNINGAR 2017:1 RESEARCH SERIES TRANSLATIONS KÄÄNNÖKSET ÖVERSÄTTNING Maria Nyman, Anu Yijälä GENERAL LAYOUT AND GRAPHS TAITTO JA KUVIOT LAYOUT OCH FIGURER Pirjo Lindfors COVER KANSI OMSLAG Tarja Sundström-Alku PRINT PAINO TRYCKERI Edita Prima Oy, Helsinki 2017 PRINT PAINETTU ISSN 1455-724X ISBN 978-952-331-234-0 ONLINE VERKOSSA ISSN 1796-7228 ISBN 978-952-331-235-7 Tu01_17.indd 2 27.1.2017 14:28:27 CONTENTS Foreword ......................................................................................................... 5 Esipuhe ......................................................................................................... 7 Förord ......................................................................................................... 9 Abstract ....................................................................................................... 10 Tiivistelmä ....................................................................................................... 14 Sammandrag ................................................................................................... 18 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 22 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ..................................................................... 25 2.1 Acculturation framework ..................................................................... 25 2.2 Factors related to the acculturation process ...................................... 28 2.2.1 Demographic factors ................................................................... 28 2.2.2 Health and levels of stress........................................................... 28 2.2.3 Cultural distance and ft ............................................................... 30 2.2.4 Social support and family ............................................................ 31 2.2.5 Contact with host country nationals and experiences of ............. discrimination ............................................................................... 31 2.2.6 Expectations regarding life in a new country ............................ 32 2.3 Summary of the aims of the present research ................................... 33 3 DATA AND METHODOLOGY ........................................................................ 36 3.1 Research approach ............................................................................... 36 3.2 Research context and participants ...................................................... 37 3.3 The interviews and the development of the interview form ............. 38 3.4 Research methods ................................................................................ 39 3.5 Demographic characteristics of the participants ................................ 40 RESULTS 4–6 .................................................................................................... 42 4 PART I: LIFE IN IRAQ ................................................................................... 43 4.1 Deteriorating living conditions in the midst of war ........................... 43 4.1.1 Wars, the breakdown of the state, and the escalation ................. and politicisation of the religious division ................................ 43 4.1.2 The degradation of the rights of Iraqi women ........................... 48 4.1.3 Today’s Iraq ................................................................................... 52 4.2 The journey ............................................................................................ 55 4.2.1 The Death Way and the new opportunities for smugglers ....... 55 4.2.2 Choosing Finland over other countries ..................................... 60 LIVING IN LIMBO 3 5 PART II: HOW ARE THEY DOING NOW? ................................................... 63 5.1 Perceived ft with the Finnish culture and lifestyle ............................ 63 5.2 Living in a constant state of uncertainty ............................................ 65 5.2.1 Health, stress and trauma............................................................ 66 5.2.2 Living at the reception centres .................................................... 67 5.3 Social networks..................................................................................... 70 5.3.1 The role of social networks established in Iraq .......................... 71 5.3.2 Contacts with Finns ...................................................................... 72 5.4 Perceived discrimination in Finland .................................................... 76 5.5 Economic challenges faced in Finland ................................................ 80 5.5.1 Drop in the standard of living in Finland ................................... 80 5.5.2 “Instead of giving us reception allowance, let us work!” ......... 82 5.6 Acculturation attitudes ......................................................................... 87 6 PART III: A FUTURE IN FINLAND? ............................................................... 91 6.1 Expectations of life in Finland ............................................................. 91 6.1.1 Expectations of life after receiving permission to stay ............ 91 6.1.2 Expectations regarding education and work in Finland ........... 94 6.2 Work motivation, premises and challenges ........................................ 96 6.2.1 Work motivation .......................................................................... 97 6.2.2 Challenges regarding Finnish labour market integration ....... 100 6.3 Messages from the participants ....................................................... 105 6.3.1 Suggestions for the reception centres ..................................... 105 6.3.2 Messages for Finns .................................................................... 107 6.3.3 Messages for decision makers .................................................. 108 7 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................111 7.1 Summary of the main results ..............................................................111 7.1.1 Regardless of the participants’ strong work motivation, ............. economic adaption may prove to be diffcult ...........................111 7.1.2 Take-up of the reception allowance causes mixed feelings ...113 7.1.3 Shared values facilitate a successful acculturation process ....114 7.1.4 Being separated from one’s family causes distress .................115 7.1.5 Acculturation attitudes of Finns play an enormous ..................... role in the acculturation process ................................................117 7.2 Limitations of the study and recommendations for future studies .119 7.3 Practical implications .......................................................................... 120 Concluding comment .................................................................................... 124 References ..................................................................................................... 125 Appendix 1 Main themes of the interview ................................................. 138 4 OBMI L N I G N I V I L FOREWORD An unprecedented number of asylum seekers arrived in Europe in 2015. Te major- ity of them came from the chaotic situation in Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan, and from refugee camps in the Middle East. Finland also saw a record number of asylum seek- ers enter the country over the course of just a few months, although the total number was substantially lower than in many other European countries, particularly Sweden and Germany. Te changed circumstances called for quick action to organise the reception of asylum seekers around Europe, including Finland. Tere was also a tremendous need for information regarding the background of the asylum seekers, their motives and whether they meet the conditions for remaining in the receiving countries. To partic- ipate in gathering information on the topic, the City of Helsinki Urban Facts launched a research project aimed at studying the expectations of asylum seekers who entered Finland and their conditions for integration. Tis research report gathers the results of the project. As the majority of the asylum seekers who entered Finland in autumn 2015 had Iraqi backgrounds, the study was targeted at Iraqis. Te study focuses on a small privileged group of asylum seekers of Iraqi background who are educated, have work experience and speak English. Tis target group was chosen, because they can be presumed to fnd their place on the Finnish labour mar- ket faster than those asylum seekers who lack these criteria. At the time of the study, in 2015–2016, the participants were waiting for an asylum decision in Helsinki and Turku. Te results particularly focus on the factors that are assumed to infuence the asylum seekers’ successful integration into the Finnish labour market, provided that they are granted permission to remain in the country: specifcally, their backgrounds, experiences associated with arriving in Finland and their expectations regarding stay- ing in Finland. Te results indicate that the participants of the study have encountered many kinds of challenges in Finland. Teir difcult experiences in their home country and their arduous journeys have left their mark on the participants, and spending a long time waiting in uncertainty does little to promote their integration into a new country. While they wait for an asylum decision, the asylum seekers live in a transitory state: while they have physically arrived in a new country, their lives are shadowed by a variety of factors that makes the process of adaptation psychologically difcult. Being idle and not having the opportunity to earn a livelihood are highlighted in the study as major challenges mentioned by the interviewees themselves. Te results highlight a varie- ty of challenges related to the system for receiving asylum seekers, but also solutions that could potentially enhance the psychological well-being of asylum seekers and promote their integration into Finland. Te research report was produced at the initiative of Anu Yijälä and Maria Nyman, researchers at City of Helsinki Urban Facts, and fnalised with the support from the Polkuja työhön (Occupational Restructuring Challenges Competencies) project fund- ed by the Academy of Finland (project no 303536). On behalf of the researchers and LIVING IN LIMBO 5 the City of Helsinki, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the funding partner and, in particular, thank the Iraqi interviewees who participated in the project. Imple- menting this study would not have been possible without their cooperation. Helsinki, January 2017 Katja Vilkama Research Manager 6 OBMI L N I G N I V I L ESIPUHE Vuoden 2015 aikana Eurooppaan saapui ennennäkemättömän suuri määrä turva- paikanhakijoita. Suurin osa tulijoista oli lähtöisin Syyrian, Irakin ja Afganistanin se- kasortoisesta tilanteesta ja Lähi-idän pakolaisleireiltä. Myös Suomeen saapui muu- tamassa kuukaudessa ennätyksellisen paljon turvapaikanhakijoita, vaikka tulijoiden kokonaismäärät jäivätkin selvästi useita muita Euroopan maita, erityisesti Ruotsia ja Saksaa, pienemmiksi. Muuttunut tilanne vaati nopeita toimia turvapaikanhakijoiden vastaanoton järjes- tämiseksi niin Euroopan laajuisesti kuin Suomessakin. Myös tietotarve tulijoiden taus- toista, motiiveista ja vastaanottaviin maihin jäämisen edellytyksistä oli valtaisa. Osal- listuakseen tiedon kartuttamiseen Helsingin kaupungin tietokeskus polkaisi käyntiin tutkimushankkeen, jolla pyrittiin kartoittamaan Suomeen saapuneiden turvapaikan- hakijoiden odotuksia ja kotoutumisen edellytyksiä. Käsillä oleva tutkimusraportti on syntynyt tämän hankkeen tuloksena. Koska suurin osa Suomeen syksyn 2015 aikana tulleista turvapaikanhakijoista oli taustaltaan irakilaisia, kohdennettiin tutkimus hei- hin. Tutkimuksen kohderyhmä on pieni, etuoikeutettu ryhmä koulutettuja, ammatillista kokemusta omaavia, englannin kielen taitoisia irakilaistaustaisia turvapaikanhakijoita. Kohderyhmä valittiin, koska heidän voitaisiin olettaa löytävän paikkansa suomalaisilla työmarkkinoilla nopeammin kuin niiden turvapaikanhakijoiden, joilta nämä kriteerit puuttuvat. Tutkimuksen aikana 2015–2016, tutkimuksen osallistujat odottivat turva- paikkapäätöstään Helsingissä ja Turussa. Tuloksissa keskitytään erityisesti niihin teki- jöihin, joiden oletetaan vaikuttavan turvapaikanhakijoiden onnistuneeseen työmark- kinaintegraatioon: erityisesti heidän taustoihinsa, kokemuksiinsa Suomeen saapumi- sesta sekä tulevaisuutta koskeviin odotuksiinsa, mikäli he saavat luvan jäädä maahan. Tulokset osoittavat, että turvapaikanhakijat ovat kohdanneet Suomessa monenlai- sia haasteita. Vaikeat kokemukset kotimaassa sekä rankka matka ovat jättäneet heihin jälkensä, eikä pitkä odotus vastaanottokeskuksissa edistä uuteen maahan kotoutumis- ta. Turvapaikkapäätöstä odottaessaan turvapaikanhakijat elävät eräänlaisessa väliti- lassa: he ovat fyysisesti saapuneet uuteen maahan, mutta heidän elämänsä on täynnä epävarmuustekijöitä, jotka hankaloittavat sopeutumista psykologisella tasolla. Jou- tenolo, ilman mahdollisuuksia itsensä elättämiseen, nousee tuloksissa esille yhtenä isoimmista haastateltavien itsensä mainitsemista haasteista. Raportin tulokset nos- tavat esille useita erilaisia turvapaikanhakijoiden vastaanottojärjestelmään liittyviä haasteita sekä toisaalta myös keinoja, joiden avulla turvapaikanhakijoiden psykolo- gista hyvinvointia ja Suomeen kotoutumista voitaisiin edistää. Tutkimusraportti on toteutettu tietokeskuksen tutkijoiden Anu Yijälän ja Maria Nymanin aloitteesta ja viimeistelty valmiiksi Suomen Akatemian rahoittaman Polku- ja työhön -hankkeen (nro 303536) tuella. Tutkijoiden ja Helsingin kaupungin puoles- ta esitän lämpimät kiitokset rahoittajalle sekä erityisen suuret kiitokset tutkimukseen LIVING IN LIMBO 7 osallistuneille irakilaistaustaisille haastateltaville. Ilman heidän yhteistyötään tämän tutkimuksen toteutus ei olisi ollut mahdollista. Helsingissä, tammikuussa 2017 Katja Vilkama tutkimuspäällikkö 8 OBMI L N I G N I V I L

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