Light-Driven Alignment

246 Pages·2009·5.2 MB·English

by  Professor Dr. Boris P. Antonyuk (auth.)

SpringerSeriesin
141
OPTICAL SCIENCES
foundedbyH.K.V.Lotsch
Editor-in-Chief:W.T.Rhodes,Atlanta
EditorialBoard:A.Adibi,Atlanta
T.Asakura,Sapporo
T.W.Hänsch,Garching
T.Kamiya,Tokyo
F.Krausz,Garching
B.Monemar,Linköping
H.Venghaus,Berlin
H.Weber,Berlin
H.Weinfurter,München
SpringerSeriesin
OPTICAL SCIENCES
TheSpringerSeriesinOpticalSciences,undertheleadershipofEditor-in-ChiefWilliamT.Rhodes,Geor-
giaInstituteofTechnology,USA,providesanexpandingselectionofresearchmonographsinallmajor
areasofoptics:lasersandquantumoptics,ultrafastphenomena,opticalspectroscopytechniques,opto-
electronics,quantuminformation,informationoptics,appliedlasertechnology,industrialapplications,
andothertopicsofcontemporaryinterest.
Withthisbroadcoverageoftopics,theseriesisofusetoallresearchscientistsandengineerswhoneed
up-to-datereferencebooks.
Theeditorsencourageprospectiveauthorstocorrespondwiththeminadvanceofsubmittingamanu-
script.SubmissionofmanuscriptsshouldbemadetotheEditor-in-ChieforoneoftheEditors.Seealso
www.springer.com/series/624
Editor-in-Chief
WilliamT.Rhodes
GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology
SchoolofElectricalandComputerEngineering
Atlanta,GA30332-0250,USA
E-mail:[email protected]
EditorialBoard
AliAdibi Max-Planck-InstitutfürQuantenoptik
GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology Hans-Kopfermann-Straße1
SchoolofElectricalandComputerEngineering 85748Garching,Germany
Atlanta,GA30332-0250,USA E-mail:[email protected]
E-mail:[email protected] BoMonemar
ToshimitsuAsakura DepartmentofPhysics
Hokkai-GakuenUniversity andMeasurementTechnology
FacultyofEngineering MaterialsScienceDivision
1-1,Minami-26,Nishi11,Chuo-ku LinköpingUniversity
Sapporo,Hokkaido064-0926,Japan 58183Linköping,Sweden
E-mail:[email protected] E-mail:[email protected]
TheodorW.Hänsch HerbertVenghaus
Max-Planck-InstitutfürQuantenoptik FraunhoferInstitutfürNachrichtentechnik
Hans-Kopfermann-Straße1 Heinrich-Hertz-Institut
85748Garching,Germany Einsteinufer37
E-mail:[email protected] 10587Berlin,Germany
E-mail:[email protected]
TakeshiKamiya
HorstWeber
MinistryofEducation,Culture,Sports
ScienceandTechnology TechnischeUniversitätBerlin
NationalInstitutionforAcademicDegrees OptischesInstitut
3-29-1Otsuka,Bunkyo-ku Straßedes17.Juni135
Tokyo112-0012,Japan 10623Berlin,Germany
E-mail:[email protected] E-mail:[email protected]
FerencKrausz HaraldWeinfurter
Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMünchen Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMünchen
LehrstuhlfürExperimentellePhysik SektionPhysik
AmCoulombwall1 Schellingstraße4/III
85748Garching,Germany 80799München,Germany
and E-mail:[email protected]
Boris P. Antonyuk
Light-Driven Alignment
With119Figures
ProfessorDr.BorisP.Antonyuk
RussianAcademyofSciences,InstituteofSpectroscopy
142190Troitsk,Russia
E-mail:[email protected]
SpringerSeriesinOpticalSciences ISSN0342-4111 e-ISSN1556-1534
ISBN978-3-540-69887-6 e-ISBN978-3-540-69888-3
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008930094
©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2009
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialiscon-
cerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,repro-
ductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublicationorparts
thereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965,initscur-
rentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer-Verlag.Violationsareliableto
prosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply,
evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsand
regulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
TypesettingbytheauthorsandVTEX,usingaSpringerLATEXmacro
Coverconcept:eStudioCalamarSteinen
Coverproduction:WMXDesignGmbH,Heidelberg
SPIN12252510 57/3180/VTEX
Printedonacid-freepaper
987654321
springer.com
InthatLightonebecomessuchthatitisimpossible
heshouldeverconsenttoturnhimselffromitforothersight;
becausetheGoodwhichtheobjectofthewilliscollectedinit,
andoutsideofitthatisdefectivewhichisperfectthere.
DanteAlighieri,Paradise3397.
Preface
This book discusses how, in random media, light dramatically changes electron–
electron interaction. Despite Coulomb repulsion, the effective interaction demon-
stratesattraction,evenunderstrongpumping.Light(bothcoherentandnatural)acts
like an optical motor, transporting electrons in a direction opposite to that of the
electricforcedirection:electriccurrentflowsagainstbiasandstaticpolarizationis
alignedinoppositiontotheappliedelectricfield.Theuncommonelectrontransport
increasestheinitialperturbationsandisthefoundationofthelight-drivenstructur-
ingofamatter.Thisstructuringbelongstotheclassofself-organizationphenomena
ofopendissipativesystemsandexhibitsanumberoffascinatingproperties.
Lightpusheselectronsintospatiallyorderedmacroscopicbunchesobservedin
fusedsilicaunderArF-laserirradiation.Itcarvesmaterialballswithfixeddiameters
equalto2micronsandthrowsthemoutoftheablationcrater.Moderatelightinten-
sitydrillsmaterial,forminglongchannelsthatalignwiththewavevectoranddrill
diameterscanbeassmallas2microns,whilethebeamspotisafewmillimeters.
Bicolorexcitationcausesorientationalorderinginrandommedia.Wemonitored
theinducedtransformationbymeasuringtheemergedsecondharmonicsignal.The
orientational ordering has been used for all optical poling of glasses. Light treat-
ment prepares phase-matched grating of second-order nonlinear susceptibility and
provideseffectivesecondharmonicgeneration.Allopticalpolingwasperformedin
bulkmaterialsandfibers.
Wegivenumerousexamplesofspatial,orientationalandtemporalordering,and
we present theoretical and experimental evidence of several kinds of light-driven
self-organization.Orderinginducedbynaturallightgivesusanideaofhowthelife
onEarthmayhavecomeabout.Thelight-drivenself-organizationmighthavebeen
thefirst,prebioticstageinthechaineventsthatgaverisetolife.
Wediscusselectronaccelerationdrivenbypetawattlaserpulses.Particlesareac-
celeratedbyanelectricfieldofplasmon,generatedbythelaser.Thelaserwakefield
electronacceleratoropensnewhorizonsinlight-mediatedmanipulationbymatter.
Troitsk,MoscowRegion, BorisP.Antonyuk
June2008
Contents
1 Introduction................................................... 1
2 Light-DrivenOrdering:Theory.................................. 9
2.1 OrderinginMolecularCrystals ............................... 10
2.1.1 SpatialOrdering ..................................... 10
2.1.2 OrientationalOrdering................................ 16
2.2 OrderinginRandomImpuritySystem ......................... 19
3 DomainChargeStructureofAmorphousSemiconductor ........... 29
3.1 Light-DrivenElectron–HoleKineticsinAmorphousMedia ....... 29
3.2 InvestigationsofElectron–HoleCorrelationinOpticalExperiments 37
4 Light-DrivenSpatialOrderinginRandomMedia.................. 45
4.1 MotionAgainstaForce ..................................... 45
4.2 Light-InducedBielectron .................................... 48
4.3 Light-InducedBunchingofElectrons.......................... 51
4.3.1 OpticalPistoninGlasses.............................. 51
4.3.2 InstabilityofHomogeneousElectronDistribution ......... 56
4.3.3 VisualizationoftheDomainStructure.Experimental ...... 58
4.3.4 Site-SelectiveBondBreaking .......................... 66
4.3.5 Light-DrivenSelf-DrillinginGlasses ................... 69
4.3.6 Discussion.......................................... 74
5 Light-DrivenOrientationalOrderinginRandomMedia............ 77
5.1 AllOpticalPolingofGlasses:Theory ......................... 77
5.2 Preparationofχ(2) Grating .................................. 84
5.3 Phase-MatchedSecondHarmonicGeneration:Experimental ...... 85
5.4 1/ωFluctuationoftheInducedPolarizationandDoublingEfficiency 90
6 Self-OrganizationinGe-DopedSilicaFibersandSecondHarmonic
Generation .................................................... 95
6.1 BreakdownoftheInversionSymmetryintheGe-DopedSilica
Fibers .................................................... 95
6.2 ChargeTransferExcitons(CTE)inGermaniumSilicateOptical
Fibers .................................................... 97
x Contents
6.3 PositiveFeedbackinResponsetoStaticElectricField............105
6.3.1 ResponseofaTwo-LevelCTESystem ..................105
6.3.2 ResponseofaCTESystemwithDistantElectronTransfer..110
6.3.3 ResponseofLocalizedElectronsandHoles ..............112
6.4 WavePropagationthroughaGe-DopedSilicaOpticalFiber .......118
6.4.1 PropagationofaWeakSecond-HarmonicWave...........118
6.4.2 HighlyEfficientSecondHarmonicGeneration............123
6.5 ComparisonoftheTheorywithExperimentsandtheResultsof
OtherModels..............................................128
7 OpticalMotor:TowardtheModelofLifeEmergingonEarth .......139
7.1 Self-OrganizationDrivenbyNaturalLight .....................139
7.2 Self-OrganizationasPrebioticStageofLifeEmergence ..........141
7.3 BroadbandOpticalPiston....................................142
7.4 Light-DrivenAnti-LeChatelierBehavior.......................150
8 ElectronAccelerationbyPetawattLightPulses....................155
8.1 RelativisticEffects .........................................157
8.2 NonlinearityofVacuum .....................................158
9 Light-DrivenTemporalSelf-Organization.........................161
9.1 ImpurityCenterunderStrongLaserField ......................162
9.1.1 Self-ConsistentApproach .............................162
9.1.2 ExactEquationsofMotion ............................168
9.1.3 IlluminationofaLight-DrivenImpurityCenter ...........171
9.1.4 Solitons ............................................172
9.2 NonlinearElectron–PhononOscillationsatResonanceCondition ..175
9.2.1 EnergyExchangeBetweenImpurityandaLattice.........175
9.2.2 ExcitationofNonlinearOscillation .....................183
10 Light-DrivenBistabilityofMolecularCrystals ....................187
10.1 BistabilityandJumpsinLuminescence ........................187
10.2 ComputerSimulationofBistability............................191
11 ChargeTransferExcitonsinSoftMatter..........................199
11.1 MixingofCTEandMolecularExcitons........................199
11.2 CTEsinLow-DimensionalStructures .........................201
11.2.1 Spectroscopy of CTEs in Quasi-One-Dimensional
Structures ..........................................207
11.2.2 CTESelf-TrappinginSoftMatter ......................216
Discussion .........................................................233
References.........................................................235
Index .............................................................239
1 Introduction
Inthisbook,weconsiderthebehaviorofopensystemsthatareundertheactionof
powerful light. We then discuss those systems’ peculiar characteristics, which are
impossibleinclosedthermodynamicsystems.
First of all, what is “open”? This means that something is transmitted through
thesystemandthereispermanentexchangewiththeexternalworld.Atypicalopen
system is a human being. Air, food and information are transported through the
body; if these fluxes stop, the body transits to “thermodynamic equilibrium” very
quickly.Thebehaviorofopensystemsismuchmorecomplicatedthanthatofclosed
thermodynamic systems. Indeed, the difference is as pronounced as the difference
inbehaviorbetweenalivemanandadeadone.
A closed thermodynamicsystem is governedby general principles(laws), and
one of them is the law of entropy increase. This law was proved for the first time
for molecular gas by Boltzmann in his great H-theorem (the name for the theo-
remwasgivenbythemainvariable—Boltzmanndenoted“entropy”asH).Asfar
asentropyisthemeasureofdisorder,itmeansthatdisordershouldincreaseinthe
thermodynamiccase.Itisanontrivialpeculiarityofmanybodysystems.Studyof
few molecules in motion in a box shows that the motion is reversible in time be-
causemechanicalequationsarereversible.Letafewparticlesstartmotionfromthe
corner of a box and then spread over the whole box. If, in the extended state, the
velocity of each particle is reversed the particles will travel backward and collect
inthecorneragain.Butthisisnottrueforalargenumberofmolecules:reversible
mechanical equations result in irreversible behavior! Molecules starting from the
corner spread over the whole box, but if they fill the whole box in the initial state
they will never again be collected in the corner. The localized state has smaller
entropy in comparison with the entropy of the extended state; therefore, accord-
ing to the above-mentioned law, only motion from localized to extended state is
possible. So, this principle forbids any ordering in a closed thermodynamic sys-
tem.
Crystallization is the best-known example of ordering, but it is possible only
if heat is transported from a sample. Otherwise, in a closed system, liquid cannot
transit to a crystal state—excess energy prevents the atom localization. But how,
from this point of view, did life emerge on Earth? Indeed, the first piece of alive
matterwasmuchmoreorderedincomparisonwiththeinitialingredients,therefore
itcannotbecreatedthroughathermodynamicprocessinaclosedsystem.