Life Span Human Development

793 Pages·2019·36.423 MB·English

by  Sigelman, De George, Cunial, Rider

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
3RD
AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND
EDITION
Sigelman – De George – Cunial – Rider
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
Life Span Human Development © 2019 Cengage Learning Australia Pty Limited
3rd Edition
Carol K. Sigelman Copyright Notice
Linda De George This Work is copyright. No part of this Work may be reproduced, stored in a
Kimberley Cunial retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior
Elizabeth A. Rider written permission of the Publisher. Except as permitted under the
Copyright Act 1968, for example any fair dealing for the purposes of private study,
research, criticism or review, subject to certain limitations. These limitations
Head of content management: Dorothy Chiu include: Restricting the copying to a maximum of one chapter or 10% of this
Senior content manager: Fiona Hammond book, whichever is greater; providing an appropriate notice and warning with the
Content developer: Laura Di Iorio copies of the Work disseminated; taking all reasonable steps to limit access to
Senior project editor: Nathan Katz these copies to people authorised to receive these copies; ensuring you hold the
Cover designer: Chris Starr (MakeWork) appropriate Licences issued by the Copyright Agency Limited (“CAL”), supply a
Text designer: Watershed Art & Design (Leigh Ashforth) remuneration notice to CAL and pay any required fees. For details of CAL licences
Permissions/Photo researcher: Catherine Kerstjens and remuneration notices please contact CAL at Level 11, 66 Goulburn Street,
Editor: Stephanie Ayres Sydney NSW 2000, Tel: [phone], Fax: [phone]
Proofreader: Jade Jakovcic Email: [email protected]
Indexer: Julie King Website: www.copyright.com.au
Art direction: Petrina Griffin/Nikita Bansal
Cover: Courtesy iStock/Getty Images Plus/Victor_Tongdee For product information and technology assistance,
Typeset by MPS Limited in Australia call 1300 790 853;
in New Zealand call 0800 449 725
Any URLs contained in this publication were checked for currency during the
production process. Note, however, that the publisher cannot vouch for the For permission to use material from this text or product, please email
ongoing currency of URLs. [email protected]
Authorised adaptation of Life-span human development, 9th edition, by Carol K. National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
Sigelman and Elizabeth A. Rider, published by Cengage Learning 2017 [ISBN ISBN: 9780170415910
9781337100731] A catalogue record for this book is available from the National Library of
Australia.
This 3rd edition published in 2019
Cengage Learning Australia
Chapter-opening images courtesy: Level 7, 80 Dorcas Street
[1] Shutterstock.com/Patrick Foto; [2] iStock/Getty Images Plus/Imgorthand; [3] South Melbourne, Victoria Australia 3205
iStock/Getty Images Plus/Lise Gagne; [4] iStock/Getty Images Plus/stock_colors;
[5] Shutterstock.com/Olena Andreychuk; [6] iStock/Getty Images Cengage Learning New Zealand
Plus/stock_colors; [7] iStock/Getty Images Plus/Imgorthand; [8] iStock/Getty Unit 4B Rosedale Office Park
Images Plus/ajijchan; [9] iStock/Getty Images Plus/Lisa-Blue; [10] Shutterstock. 331 Rosedale Road, Albany, North Shore 0632, NZ
com/FreeBirdPhotos; [11] Shutterstock.com/Jurij Krupiak; [12] iStock/Getty
Images Plus/jmpaget; [13] Shutterstock.com/itsmejust. For learning solutions, visit cengage.com.au
Printed in China by China Translation & Printing Services.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 22 21 20 19 18
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
CONTENTS v
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2
BRIEF
Life Span Human Development © 2019 Cengage Learning Australia Pty Limited
3rd Edition CONTENTS
Carol K. Sigelman Copyright Notice
Linda De George This Work is copyright. No part of this Work may be reproduced, stored in a
Kimberley Cunial retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior
Elizabeth A. Rider written permission of the Publisher. Except as permitted under the
Copyright Act 1968, for example any fair dealing for the purposes of private study,
research, criticism or review, subject to certain limitations. These limitations
Head of content management: Dorothy Chiu include: Restricting the copying to a maximum of one chapter or 10% of this
Understanding life span Theories of human
Senior content manager: Fiona Hammond book, whichever is greater; providing an appropriate notice and warning with the
Content developer: Laura Di Iorio copies of the Work disseminated; taking all reasonable steps to limit access to human development 1 development 48
Senior project editor: Nathan Katz these copies to people authorised to receive these copies; ensuring you hold the
Cover designer: Chris Starr (MakeWork) appropriate Licences issued by the Copyright Agency Limited (“CAL”), supply a CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 5
Text designer: Watershed Art & Design (Leigh Ashforth) remuneration notice to CAL and pay any required fees. For details of CAL licences
Permissions/Photo researcher: Catherine Kerstjens and remuneration notices please contact CAL at Level 11, 66 Goulburn Street,
Editor: Stephanie Ayres Sydney NSW 2000, Tel: [phone], Fax: [phone]
Proofreader: Jade Jakovcic Email: [email protected]
Indexer: Julie King Website: www.copyright.com.au
Art direction: Petrina Griffin/Nikita Bansal
Cover: Courtesy iStock/Getty Images Plus/Victor_Tongdee For product information and technology assistance,
Typeset by MPS Limited in Australia call 1300 790 853;
in New Zealand call 0800 449 725
Any URLs contained in this publication were checked for currency during the
production process. Note, however, that the publisher cannot vouch for the For permission to use material from this text or product, please email
Genes, environment and Body, brain and Cognitive development 219
ongoing currency of URLs. [email protected]
the beginnings of life 97 health 156
Authorised adaptation of Life-span human development, 9th edition, by Carol K. National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
Sigelman and Elizabeth A. Rider, published by Cengage Learning 2017 [ISBN ISBN: 9780170415910 CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 7 CHAPTER 8
9781337100731] A catalogue record for this book is available from the National Library of
Australia.
This 3rd edition published in 2019
Cengage Learning Australia
Chapter-opening images courtesy: Level 7, 80 Dorcas Street
[1] Shutterstock.com/Patrick Foto; [2] iStock/Getty Images Plus/Imgorthand; [3] South Melbourne, Victoria Australia 3205
iStock/Getty Images Plus/Lise Gagne; [4] iStock/Getty Images Plus/stock_colors;
[5] Shutterstock.com/Olena Andreychuk; [6] iStock/Getty Images Cengage Learning New Zealand
Plus/stock_colors; [7] iStock/Getty Images Plus/Imgorthand; [8] iStock/Getty Unit 4B Rosedale Office Park
Images Plus/ajijchan; [9] iStock/Getty Images Plus/Lisa-Blue; [10] Shutterstock. 331 Rosedale Road, Albany, North Shore 0632, NZ
com/FreeBirdPhotos; [11] Shutterstock.com/Jurij Krupiak; [12] iStock/Getty
Sensory-perception, Intelligence and Language, literacy and
Images Plus/jmpaget; [13] Shutterstock.com/itsmejust. For learning solutions, visit cengage.com.au
attention and memory 267 creativity 326 learning 381
Printed in China by China Translation & Printing Services.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 22 21 20 19 18 CHAPTER 9 CHAPTER 10 CHAPTER 11
Self, personality, gender Social cognition and moral Emotions, attachment and
and sexuality 429 development 491 social relationships 548
CHAPTER 12 CHAPTER 13
Developmental The final challenge:
psychopathology 615 Death and dying 676
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
vi
CONTENTS
Guide to the text xii
Guide to the online resources xvi
Preface xviii
About the authors xxii
Acknowledgments xxiii
1 UNDERSTANDING LIFE SPAN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 1
1.1 How should we think about 1.3 How is development studied? 21
development? 3 The scientific method 22
Defining development 3 Sample selection 23
Conceptualising the life span 4 Data collection techniques 23
Framing the influence of nature and Case study, experimental
nurture 11 and correlational methods 25
1.2 What is the science of life Developmental research designs 31
span development? 15 1.4 What special challenges do
Goals of study 16 developmental scientists face? 38
Early beginnings 17 Protecting the rights of research
The modern life span perspective 18 participants 38
Conducting culturally sensitive
research 39
2 THEORIES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 48
2.1 Developmental theories 2.4 Humanistic theories 68
and the issues they raise 49 Maslow: Hierarchy of needs 69
Nature and nurture 51 Humanistic theories: Contributions
Activity and passivity 51 and weaknesses 71
Continuity and discontinuity 52 2.5 Cognitive theories 72
Universality and context specificity 52 Piaget: Cognitive developmental
theory 72
2.2 Psychoanalytic theories 54
Vygotsky: Sociocultural theory 74
Freud: Psychoanalytic theory 55
Information-processing approach 74
Erikson: Psychosocial theory 58
Theories of adult cognitive
Psychoanalytic theories: Contributions
development 75
and weaknesses 60
Cognitive theories: Contributions and
2.3 Learning theories 60
weaknesses 76
Pavlov and Watson: Classical
2.6 Systems theories 78
conditioning 61
Gottlieb: Epigenetic psychobiological
Skinner: Operant conditioning 62
systems perspective 78
Bandura: Social cognitive theory 65
Systems theories: Contributions and
Learning theories: Contributions and
weaknesses 81
weaknesses 67
2.7 Theories in perspective 83
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
CONTENTS vii
3 GENES, ENVIRONMENT AND THE BEGINNINGS OF LIFE 97
3.1 Individual heredity 98 3.4 The prenatal environment
Conception 98 and foetal health 126
The genetic code 100 Teratogens 126
Mechanisms of inheritance 104 Maternal characteristics and foetal
health 132
Genetic abnormalities and disorders 107
Paternal characteristics and foetal
3.2 The interplay of genes
health 136
and environment 110
3.5 The perinatal environment 136
Studying genetic and environmental
influences 111 Childbirth 137
The heritability of different traits 114 Identifying at-risk newborns 141
How genes and environment 3.6 The neonatal environment 142
work together 115 Breast or bottle? 142
3.3 Prenatal stages 120 Peripartum depression 143
The germinal period 121 Risk and resilience 144
The embryonic period 121
The foetal period 123
4 BODY, BRAIN AND HEALTH 156
4.1 Building blocks of growth 4.3 The child 176
and lifelong health 157 Physical growth and motor capabilites 176
The endocrine system 158 Brain lateralisation 178
The brain and nervous system 160 Health and wellness in childhood 179
Principles of growth 161 4.4 The adolescent 185
A life span developmental model of The adolescent growth spurt
health 162 and puberty 185
4.2 The infant 164 The adolescent brain 191
Rapid physical growth 164 Teen health and wellness 193
The infant brain 165 4.5 The adult 196
Newborn capabilities 166 The changing body 196
Infant motor development 169 The changing brain 197
Health and wellness in infancy 173 The changing reproductive system 199
Health challenges: Ageing or disease,
disuse or misuse? 202
5 COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 219
5.1 Piaget’s cognitive 5.2 Vygotsky’s sociocultural
developmental theory 220 theory 228
Processes of intellectual and cognitive Culture and thought 228
development 221 Social interaction and thought 228
Piaget: Contributions and challenges 223 Tools of thought 230
A modern take on constructivism 226 Evaluation of Vygotsky 232
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
viii CONTENTS
5.3 Fischer’s dynamic skill 5.6 The adolescent 249
framework 234 Emergence of abstract and
Comparison to Piaget and Vygotsky 235 systematic thinking 249
5.4 The infant 237 Progress toward mastery of formal
operations 252
Sensorimotor thinking 237
Implications of formal thought 254
The development of object
permanence 238 5.7 The adult 256
The emergence of symbols 240 Limitations in adult cognitive
performance 256
5.5 The child 241
Growth beyond formal thought 257
Preschoolers: Symbolic thinking 241
Ageing and cognitive growth 259
School-age children: Logical thinking 246
6 SENSORY-PERCEPTION, ATTENTION AND MEMORY 267
6.1 The information-processing Advances in attention 287
approach to cognition 269 Explaining memory development 288
Sensation, perception and attention 269 Autobiographical memory 293
Memory 269 Developments in problem solving 296
Problem solving 273 6.4 The adolescent 299
6.2 The infant 274 Attention 299
Uncovering infants’ mental Improvements in memory and
capabilities 274 problem solving 300
Sensory-perceptual abilities 275 6.5 The adult 303
Early memory abilities 285 Sensory-perceptual changes 303
6.3 The child 287 Memory, problem solving and ageing 308
Sensory-perceptual refinements 287
7 INTELLIGENCE AND CREATIVITY 326
7.1 Defining and measuring 7.4 The child 351
intelligence and creativity 327 The stability of IQ scores during
The psychometric view of childhood 351
intelligence 327 The emergence of creativity 352
Gardner’s theory of multiple 7.5 The adolescent 353
intelligences 332
Intellectual change and continuity 353
Sternberg’s triarchic theory of
IQ and school achievement 354
intelligence 333
Fostering creativity 354
Creativity 336
7.6 The adult 355
7.2 Factors that influence
Changes in IQ with age 355
intelligence and creativity 339
IQ, wealth and health 359
The Flynn effect 339
Potential for wisdom 362
Genes and intelligence 340
Creative endeavours 363
Environment and intelligence 341
7.7 The extremes of intelligence 365
Genes, environments and creativity 345
Intellectual disability 365
7.3 The infant 345
Giftedness 367
Developmental quotients 346
7.8 Integrating cognitive
Infant intelligence as a predictor
of later intelligence 346 perspectives 370
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
CONTENTS ix
8 LANGUAGE, LITERACY AND LEARNING 381
8.1 The language system 382 8.4 The adolescent 411
Describing language: Basic Academic achievement 411
components 382 Integrating school and work 413
Explaining language: Nature and Pathways to adulthood 415
nurture 384
8.5 The adult 416
8.2 The infant 388
Language: Continuity and change 416
Developing language 388
Adult literacy 417
Mastery motivation 394
Adult education 418
Early learning 395
Theoretical contributions to
8.3 The child 398 learning and education 419
Expanding language skills 399
Learning to read 399
Fostering academic success 402
9 SELF, PERSONALITY, GENDER AND SEXUALITY 429
9.1 Conceptualising the self 9.4 The adolescent 457
and personality 430 Forging a sense of self and identity 457
Basic concepts and theories of Adhering to gender roles 463
self and personality 430
Adolescent sexuality 464
Sex, gender and sexuality 435
9.5 The adult 466
9.2 The infant 440
Ageing and self-esteem 467
The emerging self 440
Continuity and discontinuity in
Temperament 443 personality 468
9.3 The child 446 Eriksonian psychosocial personality
The evolving self and personality 446 growth 471
Acquiring gender roles 450 Changes in gender roles and
sexuality 472
Childhood sexuality 455
Vocational identity and development 475
10 SOCIAL COGNITION AND MORAL DEVELOPMENT 491
10.1 Social cognition 492 The functions of morality:
Evolutionary theory 508
Developing a theory of mind 492
Perspective taking 498 10.3 The infant 509
Social cognition in adulthood 499 Empathy and prosocial behaviour 510
10.2 Perspectives on moral Early antisocial behaviour 511
development 501 Early moral training 511
Moral emotion: Psychoanalytic 10.4 The child 513
theory and beyond 502 Moral understandings 513
Moral reasoning: Cognitive Moral socialisation 515
developmental theory 503
10.5 The adolescent 518
Moral behaviour: Social cognitive
Moral identity 518
theory 507
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202