Life-history of Gnopharmia kasrunensis Wehrli, 1939 and G. colchidaria Lederer, 1870 (Geometridae, Ennominae) and their distribution in Iran, with first host-plant records for the genus

2010·4.7 MB·English

by  Hossein Rajaei Shoorcheh

0
Bonn zoological Bulletin Volume 57 Issue 1 pp. 65-73 Bonn, April 201
Life-history of Gnopharmia kasrunensis Wehrli, 1939
and G. colchidaria Lederer, 1870 (Geometridae, Ennominae)
and their distribution in Iran, with first host-plant records for the genus
Hossein Rajaei Shoorcheh
Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 531 13 Bonn, Germany;
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract. Forthe firsttime, observations on the life-historyofthe little known species GnopharmiakasrunensisWehrli,
1939 and G. colchidaria Lederer, 1870 are reported; eggs, larvae, pupae, adults and habitats are illustrated. Suitable dif-
ferential features for a correct identification ofboth Iranian Gnopharmia species as well as a distribution map are pro-
vided.
Zusammenfassung. ErstmalswirdiiberBeobachtungenzurBiologiederwenigbekanntenArten Gnopharmiakasrunen-
sisWehrli, 1939 und G. colchidaria Lederer, 1870 berichtet. Eier, Larven, Puppen, Imagines und ihre Lebensraumewer-
den beschrieben. Fur die korrekte Bestimmung der beiden iranischen Gnopharmia-Arten werden geeignete differential-
diagnostische Merkmale sowie eine Verbreitungskarte vorgelegt.
Key words. Gnopharmia kasrunensis, colchidaria, biology, distribution, Iran
INTRODUCTION
The genus Gnopharmia Staudinger, 1892 belongs to the Afteranumberofunsuccessful breeding experimentswith
tribe Macariini (Ennominae) (Wehrli, 1953: 565; Scoble Primus spp. and other Rosaceae species by various lepi-
&
Kriiger 2002) and consists ofseveral species which are dopterists, the firstcorrect suggestion about the host plant
difficult to determine by external means only. Parsons et ofGnopharmia was made by Bernd Miiller (Berlin; pers.
al. (1999) list thirteen species in this genus. At present, comm.), who assumed the wild Almond which occurs
Gnopharmia is in the process of taxonomic revision by abundant in the habitats where Gnopharmia species oc-
the author. By discovery ofone new species and five syn- curs {Primus, subgenus Amygdalus; Rosaceae). The first
onymies, thenumberofvalid species inthe genus hasbeen breeding of a Gnopharmia was made by Robert Trusch
reduced to nine. All species occur in the Middle East and (Karlsruhe; pers. comm.) in 2008 withmaterial from East-
Asia Minor, their geographic range extending from Iran (Prov. Ostan-e Khorasan, Birjand, Kuh-e MirzaArab,
Turkey to Pakistan. Five ofthe species occur in Iran. Our 2.040 m a.s.l); larvae were fed with leafs ofwildAlmond
present knowledge on the biology and distribution of shrubs from the field in Iran, but the experiment had to
Gnopharmia species is very poor, partly due to difficul- be finishedbecause ofthe lackplant material in Germany;
ties oftheir correct identification. In the original descrip- the species ofthe reared larvae remained undetermined
tions of species in this genus (e.g. Ebert 1965, Erschoff
1874,Lederer 1870, Staudinger 1892, Wehrli 1938, Wehrli During May and July 2009, the author collected females
1939, Wehrli 1941, Wiltshire 1967, Wiltshire 1970) no of G. kasrunensis (Fig. 13) and G. colchidaria (Fig. 14)
host plant records or notes about their biology are given. at several localities in Iran. The present paper illustrates
Prout(1915) listedthree Gnopharmia species and six sub- the larval stages ofboth species and gives an overview of
species, andWehrli (1953) mentioned seven species (and their distribution.
11 subspecies). Both described the external features and
Wehrli also characters oftheir genitalia, but they did not
mention hostplants or larval stages. The host-plant index MATERIALAND METHOD
published by The Natural History Museum, London
(HOSTS, 2007), also does not record any host plant for Females ofGnopharmia species havebeen collected at six
species ofthe genus Gnopharmia. Localities (Table 1) byusing a light trap. For laying eggs,
66 Hossein Rajaei Shoorcheh
they were caged inside small plastic boxes with tissue pa- Noorabad, N 34°02'48" E 048°20'31", 2135 m a.s.l., Jun
per, eventually adding suitable plant material. 25, 2009 (cultures H-Ltable 1) and at Khani-Sefid in Gar-
daneh-Khan near the border of Iran-Iraq (province Ko-
In Tole-Heidari valley (province Fars, south of Jahrom, rdestan, 10 km from Saghez to Baneh, N 36°04'13" E
N 28°28'56" E 053°23'09", altitude 1112 m a.s.l.) May 045°59'31", altitude 1976 ma.s.l., June 26, 2009) one fe-
15, 2009, one female ofG. kasrunensis has been collect- male ofG. colchidaria hasbeen collected(culture M, table
ed (culture A, table 1). This habitat is very dry and there 1). No eggs or larvae have been observed in nature. Pu-
are scattered bushes ofdifferent plant species. Prunus ly- pation ofG. kasrunensis larvae (culture C) took place in
cioides (Rosaceae; det. H. Akhani and M. Yazbek) as a the field (Iran), that of G. colchidaria (culture F) in the
G
possible host plant is common. Three females of kas- laboratory in Karlsruhe-Germany. In the field, the study
runensis were found in Ras-Kuh (province Kerman, road ofegg-morphology was done using a hand lens.
Baft-Sirjan, 2 km after Baft, N 29°17,27" E 056°35'37",
altitude 2540 m a.s.l.) May 20 to May 21, 2009 (cultures For this study the species have been identified by using
B, C and D, table 1). This locality near Ras-Kuh village male genitalia offreshly emerged adults. Identifying fe-
has a southeast-facing aspect (Fig. 1). The dominantplant males by theirgenitalia is still problematic, as differences
species in the area isPrimusscoparia (det. H.Akhani and between species are minute and not fully understood at
M. Yazbek) (Fig. 3 and 4). Material ofthis plant species present. In some cases (e.g. G. colchidaria) only a female
has been added to the plastic boxes containing females. emerged and for identification genitalia dissection ofsi-
Two females ofG. colchidaria have been collected at the multaneously collected males were used. There are clear
mountains near the village Ab-Asemani, (province Fars, characters in the male genitalia, especially in the aedea-
road from Estahban to Sarvestan, 20 km to Sarvestan, N gus, that can be used to separate the species. The aedea-
29°05'51" E 053°26'12", 1890 m a.s.l., May 22, 2009) gus ofG. kasrunensis is thickerand shorter(length 1.2—1.5
(cultures E andF, table 1). This biotope has a northern ex- mm) than that ofG. colchidaria (length 1.4-1.8 mm) and
posure. Prunusscoparia was common here too, but there bears a group of 2-6 long, rod-like, subapical spines
also werewildPistacia trees (Anacardiaceae), manybush- (length up to 0.3 mm) with rounded tip (Figs 24, 28). In
es ofAstragalus (Fabaceae) and Echinops (Asteraceae), contrast, the aedeagus of G. colchidaria has a subapical
and several Umbelliferae spp. {Umbelliferae) (Fig. 2). group of short, more or less cone-shaped spines (maxi-
mum 0.15 mm in length), 1-3 ofthem situated more dis-
One female ofG. colchidaria has been collected at Osh- tally and 2-3 (rarely up to 5) more basally (Figs 25, 29).
torankuh (province Lorestan, between Dorud and Gahar
lake, nearCheshmeh-Khorram, N 33°22'41" E 049°11*13 Thetips ofthe 'octavals' (apairofdistalprocesses atster-
m
", 2360 a.s.l., Jun 22, 2009 (culture G, table 1). Five nite 8) are more strongly curved in G. kasrunensis (Figs
females of G. colchidaria were found at Gardaneh-Gar- 22, 26), than in G. colchidaria (Figs 23, 27). The geni-
rin (province Hamadan, 25 km to Nahavand from talia capsules ofboth species are similarin size and shape,
Table 1. Species, date and number ofcollected females and their eggs, larvae and pupa, and dates ofhatching and pupation, ac-
cording to cultures.
Code of Species Date of Date of N. eggs Date of N. larvae Date of N. pupa
culture collecting laying egg hatching pupation
A(loc. 1) G. kasrunensis 15.5.09 17 5.09 27 21.-22.5.09 21 0
B (loc. 2) G kasrunensis 20.5.09 23 -24.5.09 37 27.-28.5.09 28 0
C (loc. 2) G. kasrunensis 20.5.09 23 -24.5.09 14 27.-28.5.09 12 25.6.09 1
D (loc. 2) G. kasrunensis 21.5.09 24 -25.5.09 28 28.-29.5.09 22 0
E(loc. 3) G. colchidaria 22.5.09 28 -29.5.09 24 30.-31.6.09 17 0
F (loc. 3) G. colchidaria 22.5.09 28 -29.5.09 33 30.-31.6.09 21 2.7.09 1
G (loc. 4) G. colchidaria 22.6.09 25 6.09 18 29.-30.6.09 16 0
H (loc. 5) G. colchidaria 25.6.09 27 -28.09 16 1.-2.7.09 16 0
I (loc. 5) G. colchidaria 25.6.09 27 -28.09 45 1.-2.7.09 36 0
J (loc. 5) G. colchidaria 25.6.09 27-28.09 42 1.-2.7.09 38 0
K (loc. 5) G. colchidaria 25.6.09 27-28.09 17 1.-2.7.09 14 0
L (loc. 5) G. colchidaria 25.6.09 27-28.09 40 1.-2.7.09 36 0
M(loc. 6) G. colchidaria 26.6.09 28 -29.6.09 9 2.-3.7.09 7 0
Bonn zoological Bulletin 57 (1): 65-73 ©ZFMK
Life-history ofGnopharmia kasnmensis and G. colchidaria and their distribution in Iran 67
Plate 1. Figs 1-2: Biotopes of Gnopharmia species: 1, G. kasrunensis (Ras-Kuh, cultures B, C and D); 2, G. colchidaria (Ab-
Asemani village, cultures E and f); Figs 3^k host-plant: 3, tree ofPrimus scoparia; 4, leaves and fruits ofPrimus scoparia; Fig.
5: eggs ofG. kasrunensis (culture C); Figs 6-8: larvae ofG. kasrunensis: 6, L2; 7, L4; 8, L3; Figs 9-11: larvae ofG. colchidaria:
9, L3; 10, L2; 11, L4.
©ZFMK
Bonn zoological Bulletin 57 (1): 65-73
68 Hossein Rajaei Shoorcheh
Plate 2. Figs 12-14: Adults ofGnopharmia: 12, G. colchidaria (female, freshly emerged; culture F); 13, G. kasrunensis (holo-
type, male); 14, G. colchidaria (male) (scale 1 cm); Figs 15-16: Pupa ofG. colchidaria: 15, ventral view, 16, lateral view (scale
2mm); Fig. 17: PupaofG. kasrunensis, ventral view (one day afterpupation); Fig. 18: Pupa ofG. kasrunensis,posteriorpart(ma-
le, ventral view; Cr: cremaster); Fig. 19: id., pupa ofG. colchidaria, female (scale 1mm); Fig. 20: floricomous setae (distal part)
on female ovipositor (scale on figure); Fig. 21: Setal map ofG. colchidaria and G. kasrunensis larvae.
Bonn zoological Bulletin 57 (1): 65-73 ©ZFMK
Life-history ofGnopharmia kasrunensis and G. colchidaria and their distribution in Iran 69
but the basal process ofthe sacculus is distinctly longer same temperature, one female ofG. colchidaria emerged
in G. colchidaria. In G. kasrunensis both ofthese projec- from pupa after 16 days (July 18, 2009; Fig. 12).
tions seems to be equal in length (Figs 30, 31).
G-M
All seven females of the cultures (collected from
For SEM photography male genitalia havebeen dehydrat- Lorestan, Hamadan and Kordestan provinces) laid eggs
ed in 70%-96% and 100% ethanol. For drying with (a total of 187 eggs) which were brought to Germany, in
HMDS (1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3-Hexamethyldisilazan) the HMDS- orderto findand to test suitable food-plants there. 163 Ll-
protocol (Oshel 1997) was used. According to this proto- larvae hatched but none ofthe plants offered was accept-
col the genitalia have been transferred from 100% ed and all larvae died.
ethanol to a 1:1 ethanol-HMDS mixture andthento 100%
HMDS. The specimens were dried by evaporation of
HMDS. Host-plants
SEM photos were made using a Hitachi S-2460N SEM Prunus scoparia has been offered to the LI-larvae ofG.
at Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig. kasrunensis and G. colchidaria (cultures B-F) and was
readily accepted by all ofthem. This plant may be con-
sidered as the main food resource for both, G. kasrunen-
RESULTS sis and G. colchidaria, also under natural conditions.
Rearing report and field observations To the L4-larvaofG. colchidaria (cultures E andF), feed-
ing on P. scoparia before, I offered two other Prunus
The female of culture-A (G. kasrunensis) laid eggs in a species (Prunus haussknechtiiC. K. Schneid. andPrunus
plastic box containing leaves ofPrunus lycioides. Most lycioides (det. H. Akhani and M. Yazbek), but no feeding
larvae hatched from these eggs, but died because oflack marks were found in either ofthem.
offresh food plants. Leaves ofP. lycioides carried with
us had dried out and no P. lycioides or another possible To LI-larvae of G. kasrunensis from Tole-Heidari (cul-
hostplantwas available. Females ofcultures B-F (G. kas- ture A) the common almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.)
runensis) laid eggs (Prunus scoparia was added to the D.A.Webb) and laterPrunus haussknechtii C. K. Schneid.
containers)justtwo to three days aftercollecting andtwo havebeen offered, butnone ofthemwas accepted. Prunus
days later, LI-larvae started to feed successfully. scoparia was not available at that time.
G-M
Despite attempting to provide relatively stable conditions All larvae ofthe cultures have beenbroughtto Ger-
to the larvae, many ofthem died in different stages. Of many. It took 2 days to find a plant of Prunus dulcis
79 LI-larvae of G. kasrunensis in cultures B, C and D, (Miller) DA. Webb. During this period I offered Cratae-
just42 survivedto L2, and only 18 ofthemmoulted again gus monogyna Jacq., but it was not accepted by the lar-
(after 7-8 days). L3-larvae were feeding almost continu- vae and more than halfofthem died. The others died in
ously, but they were more active in the morning and in thenext daysbecausethey also didnot acceptPrunus dul-
the afternoon. Larvae continuedtoperish duringthis stage cis.
as well. 6-8 days laterjust 7 larvae moulted to L4. They
fed again for 5-6 days, but during this time all but one
died. Fully grown (25.6.2009) the lastremaining larva of Morphology ofpreimaginal stages
this species (culture C) stopped feeding and rested under
Ovum
pieces oftissue paper in its container, then pupated (see
Fig. 17), without spinning or producing a cocoon.
Ovum: Elliptical, surface rough, green in colour (just af-
LI stage of G. colchidaria took 7-9 days. Many ofthe ter deposition), turning red-ochre after one or two days
larvae again died later during several instars. Of38 Ll- (Fig. 5). Mostofthem were deposited separately inaver-
larvae (cultures E and F)just 24 moulted to L2. 5 larvae tical, upright position, but some were laid in clusters as
died in this instar. L3-stage took 7-8 days and of 19 lar- shown in Fig. 5.
vaejust three reached L4. The feeding period ofthe last
instar is longer than that ofthe last species (9 days). Ful- Underwarm conditions, LI-larvae developedveryquick-
ly grown,just one larva pupated (Figs 15, 16). ly and emergedjust after 4-5 days (table 1).
At a temperature of25-28° C, a male of G. kasrunensis There is no significantdifference in the shape orthe struc-
emerged after 18 days (July 12, 2009; dissected). At a ture between the eggs ofthese two species.
©ZFMK
Bonn zoological Bulletin 57 (1): 65-73
70 Hossein Rajaei Shoorcheh
Plate 3. Figs 22-23: SEM photos ofsterniteA8, with 'octavals': 22, G. kasrunensis; 23, G. colchidaria; Figs 24-25: SEM pho-
tos ofapical part ofaedeagus: 24, G. kasrunensis; 25, G. colchidaria (scale on figures); Figs 26-27: SterniteA8: 26, G. kasrunen-
sis (holotype, male); 27, G. colchidaria (male); Figs 28-31: male genitalia: 28, G. kasrunensis (aedeagus); 29, G. colchidaria (ae-
deagus); 30, G. colchidaria (genital capsule); 31, G. kasrunensis (genital capsule). Scale mm.
1
Bonn zoological Bulletin 57 (1): 65-73 ©ZFMK
Life-history ofGnopharmia kasnmensis and G. colchidaria and their distribution in Iran 71
mm
Larval stage L4: (Fig. 11): 19.2-26.1 (26 days afterhatching), pre-
dominantly brown, with some yellow-green colour later-
G. kasnmensis Wehrli, 1939 allyand dorsally. TheA2 dorsal processes are brown, like
the surrounding area.
mm
LI: 1.4-2.1 (5 days afterhaching) in length, with two
longitudinal pale-brownbands on greenbackground, start- The position ofthe primary setae ofthe L4- larvae of
ing from the posterior end ofthe medio-dorsal area and both species does not exhibit any differences, (see setal
continuing to the head. Head and end of the body are map. Fig. 21). For nomination ofseta used McGuffin
brown. A longitudinal brown band, similar to the dorsal (1977) and Stehr (2005).
band, runs ventrally from posterior end to the head. The
thoracic legs and abdominal prolegs are dark brown.
Pupa
mm
L2: (Fig. 6): length 6.2-7.00 (11 days afterhatching),
brown medio-dorsal bands change (in compare to LI) Pupae ofboth species are obviously very similar in size
from brown to more green, similar to the ground colour, and colour. (Figs 15-19). They are slender, about 12.8-13
mm
but at the end ofL2 the rest ofbrown bands are distinct- in length, the head section rather acute, almosttrian-
lyvisibleontwo-thirdsposteriorofbody. Thebrownven- gular; the elongated cremaster(length 0.6 mm) bears two
tralbandvanishes towardhead. In this stage, there aretwo terminal spines ofdifferent length (right spine broken in
dorsalprocesses atthebase ofthe D2 setadorsallyon seg- fig. 19). Until the seconddayafterpupationthe colourre-
mentA2 (see Fig. 21). Thetips ofthese processes are dark mains green, and then changes to brown. The pupal exu-
brown or black. via is mid-brown, too. More material is needed in order
to compare thepupal characters ofboth species thorough-
mm
L3 (Fig. 8): 9.6-10.5 (20 days afterhatching), exhibits ly.
nearlythe same colourpatterns as foundinthe fully grown
larvae. The dorsal area is completely green with medio- Distribution (Fig. 32). According to our present knowl-
dorsalbrownbands (fromA10 toA6). Ventrally, the green edge, G. kasrunensis and G. colchidaria occur sympatri-
colouris extended, butonA6-10 there are still softbrown cally inmostparts oftheZagros Mountains. G. kasrunen-
colourband. During L3, the colour ofthe dorsal process- sis has been described from Kazeroun (Fars prov., Iran)
es atthe base ofthe D2 seta (oftheA2 segment) changes and is distributed in the central and eastern Zagros with
from dark brown or black to brown. some small populations inwesternZagros and centralAl-
borz. Only two specimens ofthis species were collected
mm
L4 (Fig. 7): 19.2-25.8 (28 days afterhatching), com- at Sayhakil in Musandam (Oman). G. colchidaria occurs
pletely green in colour, with a longitudinal medio-dorsal in nearly all parts ofZagros, furthermore there are popu-
brownbands running fromtheA10 to theA6 segment. The lations in south-eastern Iran, and in the Alborz (vie.
dorsal processes oftheA2 segment arebrown, but in two Tehran, Qazvin, Zanjan, and Gilan). The species hasbeen
cases, changed to green. described from Helenendorf(EastAzerbaijan, Transcau-
casia; present name: Xanlar), and there are additional re-
ports fromArmenia (ssp. melanotaeniaWehrli, 1938) and
G. colchidaria Lederer, 1870
otherregions ofS. Caucasus. The map is based on mate-
mm
LI: 1.2-2.2 (7 days after hatching), coloration very rial present inthe collections studied. Probably these two
similarto G. kasnmensis, buthere longitudinal dorso-me- species have awiderdistribution, butthe author so farhad
dialbands start fromtheposterior end andcontinue along no access to further material proving this.
two-thirds ofthe body dorsally (from A10 to A4-5).
Bionomic data. According to the analyzedlabel data, de-
mm
L2: (Fig. 9): 6.5-7.1 (12 days afterhatching), brown rived from several collections, G. kasrunensis has been
dorso-medial bands continue to the head, theventral band collected between the second week of February and the
extends slightly to the lateral. The two dorsal processes secondweek ofSeptember. The flightperiodofG. colchi-
ofA2 are clearly dark brown to black in colour (like in daria dates from earlyMarchto late October. G. kasrunen-
G. kasrunensis). sis flies ataltitudes from200 up to 2200 m, G. colchidaria
from sea level to 2800 m. Both species probably are (at
L3: (Fig. 10) 9.7-10.7 mm (20 days afterhatching), com- least) bivoltine in most places, but may be univoltine in
pletely different in comparison with G. kasrunensis: dor- theNorth ofIran and at higherelevations. Overwintering
sal and ventral longitudinal brown bands extend lateral- stage obviously is the pupa.
ly andthe greencolourisreducedto the lateral area. Black
dorsal processes on the A2 segment are clearly visible.
©ZFMK
Bonn zoological Bulletin 57 (1): 65-73
72 Hossein Rajaei Shoorcheh
48 52° 56 60
9
G.colchidaria
A
0.kasrunensis
Fig 32. Distribution map ofG. kasrunensis and G. colchidaria in Iran.
DISCUSSION
Despite intensive search on manyPrimus shrubs in anum- setae. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that the
ber of Iranian localities for immature stages of papillae anales ofalmost all females studied are spoiled
Gnopharmia, no eggs, larvae or pupae were found in the with dust or bark-particles retained near the setal bases
nature. Ofcourse, it is often difficult to findeggs ofmoths (Scoble & Kriiger, 2002, D. Stiining, Bonn, pers. comm.,
in the field, but in case of Gnopharmia these difficulties unpublished).
may also be related to the existence ofa so-called "flori-
comus" onthe ovipositorofGnopharmia females. Numer- Primus scoparia as the most probable natural host plant
G
ous specialized ("scoop-shaped") setae (Fig. 20) on the of G. kasrunensis and colchidaria is well distributed
papillae anales probably enablethe females to scratchpar- in many parts ofthe Zagros Mountains. During the last
ticles from the surface ofthe bark to cover and camou- years this plant has also been intensively grown by local
flage the eggs. This behaviour has been observed in the people and became more widely distributed, as 'bitter al-
W. EuropeanEnnomine species Theriaprimaria Haworth, monds' became more frequently used by the pharmaco-
1809 (Stokoe 1948: 186, pi. 39:1), females ofwhichhave logical industry in Iran. G. kasrunensis and G. colchidaria
avery similarovipositorwith almost identical, specialized fly sympatrically at many localities in Iran (Fig. 32). Lar-
Bonn zoological Bulletin 57 (1): 65-73 ©ZFMK
Lite-history ofGnopharmia kasrunensis and G. colchidaria and their distribution in Iran 73
http://www.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/research-curation/research/proj-
vae ofboth species are very similar morphologically and
ects/hostplants/index.dsml
the young larvae (LI, L2) are also without clear differ- LedererJ (1870) Contributions a LaFaune des Lepidopteresde
ences in colour and pattern. However, grown larvae (L3, la Transcaucasie. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de
L4) can be separated. Belgique. 13:39, 48, pi. 2, Fig. 1
WC
McGuffin (1977) Guide to the Geometridae of Canada
The reason for the high mortality ofthe larvae during all (Lepidoptera), II subfamily Ennominae 2. Memoirs of the
Entomological Society ofCanada. No. 101. Fig. 152
stages is not clear to us. Alteration ofclimate in the ve- Oshel Ph (1997) HMDS and Specimen Drying for SEM.
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Acknowledgments. I deeply thank Axel Hofmann (Breisach) StaudingerO (1892)NeueArtenu. Varietatenvonpalaarktischen
and Dr. Jorg-Uwe Meineke (Kippenheim) for their helpful ad- Geometriden. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift Iris.
vice during our common field work, and express my sincere 5:181-188, pi. 2, Fig. 12-13
FW
thankstoProf. Dr. HosseinAkhani (Tehran)andMarianaYazbek Stehr (2005) Immature Insects. Kendall/Hunt Publishing
(Lebanon) for the determination ofhost plants. Furthermore, I Co., U.S. 1-768, p. 290-303
donotforgetvaluablecommentsbyDr. RobertTruschandGiin- Stokoe GHT (1948) The Caterpillars ofBritish Moths, 2nd se-
ter Ebert (Karlsruhe), Dr. Dieter Stiining (Bonn) and Dr. Axel ries. London: F. Warne
Hausmann (Munich). I thank Lily Wescott and Tom Swinehart Wehrli E (1938) Nachtrag zu meinerArbeit in Nr. 31 d. J. Sei-
(Bonn) for proofreading ofthe first draft, Stefan Scharf(Karl- te 354 [Neue Gattungen, Untergattungen, Arten und Rassen
sruhe) forpreparingthedigital map ofMiddle-East, UllaKreutz von Geometriden (Lep.).]. Entomologische Rundschau 55:
(Meckenheim) forprocessingofthedigitalimages, BerndMuller 433^434
(Berlin), Michael Falkenberg (Karlsruhe) and Maryam Bo- Wehrli E (1939) Einige neue Arten und Rassen aus dem
roomandi (Bonn) for their friendly help during different steps siidwestlichen Iran und aus dem Irak, sowie ein neues
of this project. Special thanks go to Dr. Montazami, Alireza Subgenus ausdem letzteren. (Lepid. Geometr.). Mitteilungen
Naderi, Mohammad-Ebrahim Sehhati and other colleagues of der Miinchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft 29: 70-71
W
Iran Department ofEnvironment for their collaboration during Wehrli in Brandt (1941 BeitragzurLepidopteren-Faunavon
)
our2009 excursion and also colleagues ofHayk Mirzayans In- Iran (4). Einige neue Geometriden. Mitteilungen der
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HOSTS (a Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants, Accepted: 20.02.2010
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