Lichen Biology PDF
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This page intentionally left blank Lichen Biology Lichensaresymbioticorganismsinwhichfungiandalgaeand/orcyanobacteria formanintimatebiologicalunion.Thisdiversegroupisfoundinalmostall terrestrialhabitatsfromthetropicstopolarregions.Inthissecondedition,four completelynewchapterscoverrecentdevelopmentsinthestudyofthese fascinatingorganisms,includinglichengeneticsandsexualreproduction,stress physiologyandsymbiosis,andthecarboneconomyandenvironmentalroleof lichens.Thewholetexthasbeenfullyupdated,withchapterscoveringanato- mical,morphologicalanddevelopmentalaspects;thechemistryoftheunique secondarymetabolitesproducedbylichensandthecontributionofthesesub- stancestomedicineandthepharmaceuticalindustry;patternsoflichen photosynthesisandrespirationinrelationtodifferentenvironmentalcondi- tions;theroleoflichensinnitrogenfixationandmineralcycling;geographical patternsexhibitedbythesewidespreadsymbionts;andtheuseoflichensas indicatorsofairpollution.Thisisavaluablereferenceforbothstudentsand researchersinterestedinlichenology. THOMAS H. NASH III isProfessorofPlantBiologyintheSchoolofLife SciencesatArizonaStateUniversity.Hehasover35yearsteachingexperience inEcology,LichenologyandStatistics,andhastaughtinAustria(Fulbright Fellowship)andconductedresearchinAustralia,Germany(juniorandsenior vonHumboltFoundationfellowships),MexicoandSouthAmerica,andtheUSA. Hehascoauthored5previousbooksandover200scientificarticles. Lichen Biology Second Edition Editedby THOMAS H. NASH III ArizonaStateUniversity,USA CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB28RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521871624 © Cambridge University Press 1996, 2008 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2008 ISBN-13 978-0-511-41407-7 eBook (EBL) ISBN-13 978-0-521-87162-4 hardback ISBN-13 978-0-521-69216-8 paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Contents List of contri butors vii Preface ix 1 Introduction 1 T.H. NASH III 2 Photobionts 9 T. FRIEDL AND B. BU¨DEL 3 Mycobionts 27 R. HONEGGER 4 Thallusmorphologyandanatomy 40 B. BU¨DEL AND C. SCHEIDEGGER 5 Morphogenesis 69 R. HONEGGER 6 Sexualreproductioninlichen-formingascomycetes 94 R. HONEGGER AND S. SCHERRER 7 Biochemistryandsecondarymetabolites 104 J.A. ELIX AND E. STOCKER-WO¨RGO¨TTER 8 Stressphysiologyandthesymbiosis 134 R.P. BECKETT, I. KRANNER, AND F.V. MINIBAYEVA 9 Physiologicalecologyofcarbondioxideexchange 152 T.G.A. GREEN, T.H. NASH III, AND O.L. LANGE v vi Contents 10 Thecarboneconomyoflichens 182 K. PALMQVIST, L. DAHLMAN, A. JONSSON, AND T.H. NASH III 11 Nitrogen,itsmetabolismandpotentialcontributionto ecosystems 216 T.H. NASH III 12 Nutrients,elementalaccumulation,andmineralcycling 234 T.H. NASH III 13 Individualsandpopulationsoflichens 252 D. FAHSELT 14 Environmentalroleoflichens 274 M.R.D. SEAWARD 15 Lichensensitivitytoairpollution 299 T.H. NASH III 16 Lichenbiogeography 315 D.J. GALLOWAY 17 Systematicsoflichenizedfungi 336 A. TEHLER AND M. WEDIN Appendix:Culturemethodsforlichensandlichensymbionts 353 E. STOCKER-WO¨RGO¨TTER AND A. HAGER References 364 Taxonindex 462 Subjectindex 477 Contributors Dr.RichardBeckett School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of Kwazulu- Natal,PrivateBagX01,Pietermaritzburg,SouthAfrica ProfessorDr.BurkhardBu¨del DepartmentofGeneralBotany,DepartmentofBiology,Erwin-Schro¨dinger- Str.13UniversityofKaiserslautern,D-67663Kaiserslautern,Germany Dr.LenaDahlman Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umea˚ University, SE- 90187Umea˚,Sweden EmeritusProfessorJ.A.Elix Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Australian National University,Canberra,ACT0200,Australia Dr.DianneFahselt Department of Plant Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, OntarioN6A5B7,Canada ProfessorDr.ThomasFriedl DepartmentofExperimentalPhycologyandSammlungvonAlgenkulturen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Go¨ttingen, UntereKarspuele2,37073Go¨ttingen,Germany Dr.DavidGalloway 16FarquharsonSt.,Opoho,Dunedin,NewZealand Dr.T.G.A.Green DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,TheUniversityofWaikato,PrivateBag 3105,Hamilton3240,NewZealand ProfessorDr.RosmarieHonegger InstituteofPlantBiology,UniversityofZu¨rich,Zollikerstrasse107,CH-8008 Zu¨rich,Switzerland vii viii Listofcontributors Dr.AnnaJonsson Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umea˚ University, SE-90187 Umea˚,Sweden Dr.IlseKranner SeedConservationDepartment,RoyalBotanicGardens,Kew,WakehurstPlace,West Sussex,RH176TN,UK ProfessorDr.OttoL.Lange Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biosciences, University of Wuerzburg, Lehrstuhl fuer BotanikII,Julius-von-Sachs-Platz3,D-97082Wuerzburg,Germany Dr.FaridaMinibayeva InstituteofBiochemistryandBiophysics,P.O.Box30,Kazan,420111,Russia Dr.ThomasH.NashIII School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Box 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501,USA ProfessorKristinPalmqvist Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umea˚ University, SE-90187 Umea˚,Sweden Dr.ChristophScheidegger SwissFederalInstituteforForest,SnowandLandscapeResearch,WSL,Zu¨rcherstr. 111,CH-8903Birmensdorf,Switzerland Dr.S.Scherrer InstituteofPlantBiology,UniversityofZu¨rich,Zollikerstrasse107,CH-8008Zu¨rich, Switzerland ProfessorMarkR.D.Seaward Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Bradford, Bradford,BD71DP,UK ProfessorDr.ElfieStocker-Wo¨rgo¨tter Department of Organismic Biology (Plant Physiology), University of Salzburg, HellbrunnerStr.34,A-5020Salzburg,Austria Dr.AndersTehler SwedishMuseumofNaturalHistory,Box50007,SE10405Stockholm,Sweden Dr.MatsWedin SwedishMuseumofNaturalHistory,Box50007,SE10405Stockholm,Sweden
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