lecture 1 agrochemical market

14 Pages·2013·3.39 MB·English

Course: Chemical Technology (Organic) Module IX

Lecture 1
Agrochemical Market
LECTURE 1

AGROCHEMICAL MARKET
In order to meet the needs of a growing population, agricultural production and protection of
technology have to play a crucial role. Substantial food production is lost due to insect, pests,
weeds, rodents, nematodes and during storage. Pesticides are now basic needs for agriculture
production. Almost every country in the world uses pesticides. Pesticides industry inspite of
various hazards has been playing important role in green revolution. An appreciable amount of
food is lost due to insect pests, plant pathogens, weeds, rodents, birds and in storage. Pesticides
include insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, rodenticides, nematicide at different stages of
agricultural production [Dureja, 2009]
Pesticides industry has developed substantially and has contributed significantly towards India’s
agricultural and public health. In value terms the size of Indian pesticide industry is $3.8 billion
in the year 2011. India is predominant exporter of pesticide to USA, Europe and African
countries.
Agriculture is the lynchpin of the Indian economy. Apart from fertilizers, pesticides played
important role in the green revolution during the last five decades. Indian exports of
agrochemicals have shown an impressive growth over the last five years. India is one of the most
dynamic generic pesticide manufacturers in the world with more than 60 technical grade
pesticides are manufactured indigenously by 125 producers consisting of large medium scale
enterprises including about 10 multinational companies and more than 500 pesticides
formulators spread over the country [Annual report, 2011].
In 1948, it was first made use for malaria control and in 1949 it was first made use for
agricultural purpose. Then the indigenous production of pesticides began with the establishment
of a DDT and BHC plant in 1954. Thereafter a steady growth in production took place with
maximum growth occurring during the period 1966 to 1977.
The Indian Pesticide industry with 85,000 metric tonnes (MT) of production during financial
year (FY) 07 is ranked second in Asia (behind China) and twelfth globally. In value terms, the
size of the Indian pesticide industry was estimated at Rs.74 bn for 2007, including exports of Rs.
29 bn. Though pesticides have made us self-sufficient in our food needs, the per hectare
consumption of pesticides in India is very low
477
Pesticides which include fungicides, herbicides, rodenticides, miticide, nematicide are basically
derived from various chemicals which are initially manufactured as technical grade products and
later they are converted into approved formulations (powder, emulsions, concentrates).
The Indian pesticide industry is characterized by low capacity utilization. The present total
installed capacity is 146,000 tonnes and has low capacity utilization of <60%. Table M-IX 1.1
shows the profile of pesticide of Indian industry. The industry suffers from high inventory owing
to seasonal and irregular demand on account of monsoons. There is a marked difference in the
consumption pattern of pesticides in India vis-a-vis the rest of the world. Insecticides accounts
for 76% of the total domestic market on the other hand, herbicides and fungicides have a
significantly higher share in the global market. Crops like cotton wheat and rice together account
for 70% of total agrochemical consumption. The consumption of pesticide is low in comparison
to other countries. Total consumption of pesticides is given in Figure M-IX 1.1 [Agrochemical
sub group of Indian Chemical Councils]. Profile for Installed and production of major chemicals
are shown in Figure M-IX 1.2.
Pesticide consumption is lowest (600g/ha) in India when compared to the world average
consumption of 3000 g/ha. India is the 4th largest producer of agrochemicals after USA, Japan
and China. There are around 125 technical units, 800 formulation units in India. Out of Rs
1,80,000 crore global market, the share of global market is of Rs 1,20,600 crore. Figure M-IX1.3
shows Indian Agro-Chemical Industry: Changing crop wise market. Population increasing, area
decreasing food production keeping upward trend is given in Figure M-IX1.4. Agrochemical
Market: Segment wise is shown in Table M-IX 1.2
18 16.6
Pesticide Consumption (Kg/ha)
15 13.4
12 10.8
9
6 4.5
3
3
0.58
0
Republic of KoreaItaly Japan USA Europe India

Figure M-IX 1.1: Pesticide Consumption
478
Source: Agrochemical Sub-group, ICC; Indian Chemical Industry 12th Five Year Plan
Table M-IX 1.1: Profile of Pesticide Industry (000’ MT)
Major groups / Products Installed Capacity Production
PESTICIDES &INSECTICIDES 2009-10 2002-03 2009-10 2010-11
D.D.T. 6.30 2.94 3.61 3.09
Malathion 8.80 4.25 0.62 0.64
Parathion (methyl) 4.00 2.04 0.00 0.00
Dimethoate 3.20 0.76 0.96 1.12
D.D.V.P. 2.51 3.46 3.12 3.13
Quinalphos 4.00 1.77 0.99 1.01
Monocrotophos 14.00 6.52 5.74 8.60
Phosphamidon 3.90 0.84 1.00 0.03
Phorate 8.20 3.16 2.00 2.63
Ethion 5.60 1.68 0.43 0.65
Endosulphan 9.90 3.66 2.80 1.73
Fenvalerate 2.60 0.52 0.53 0.08
Cypermethrin 6.90 5.08 6.23 4.95
Anilophos 1.10 0.35 0.00 0.00
Acephate 9.20 4.84 1.083 12.84
Chlorpyriphos 9.10 6.40 2.90 3.35
Phosalone 1.00 0.44 0.00 0.00
Metasystox * 0.51 0.00 0.00
Fenthion * 0.91 0.00 0.00
Triazophos * 1.15 1.00 1.58
Lindane 0.70 0.33 0.00 0.00
Temephos 0.20 0.12 0.00 0.00
Deltamethrin 0.50 0.21 0.02 0.00
Alphamethrin 1.50 0.19 0.00 0.51
Captan&captafol 1.80 0.78 0.00 0.00
Ziram (thiobarbamate) 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00
Carbendzim (bavistin) 1.50 1.26 0.19 0.26
Calixin 0.20 0.05 0.00 0.00
Mancozab 20.70 10.19 31.49 26.05
Copper-oxychloride 1.50 0.24 0.00 0.00
2,4-D 1.20 0.00 0.00 0.00
Butachlor 0.50 0.24 0.24 0.09
Isoproturon 5.40 2.66 2.91 3.90
Glyphosate 2.60 0.11 1.70 2.28
Diuron 0.10 0.05 0.13 0.20
Atrazin 0.50 0.20 0.26 0.24
Fluchloralin 0.20 0.19 0.00 0.00
Zinc phosphide 0.90 0.24 0.33 0.42
Aluminium 2.30 1.99 2.16 1.80
Dicofol 0.20 0.10 0.02 0.043
Total 146.20 69.57 82.19 81.22
479
Source: Dubey, B., Kumar, A. “Agrochemical Challenges and outlook for India Chemical news May
2011,p 14
Product-wise Installed Capacity & Production of Major Chemicals
35
30
25 Installed Capacity 2009‐10
) 
MT Installed Capacity 2002‐03
0' 20 Production 2009‐10
0
0
y ( Production 2010‐11
cit 15
a
p
a
C
10
5
0
Products 

Figure M-IX 1.2: Product-wise Installed Capacity & Production of Major
Chemicals
Source: Dubey, B., Kumar, A. “Agrochemical Challenges and outlook for India”, Chemical news May
2011, p 14

Table M-IX 1.2: Agrochemical Market: Segment wise (Year 2009)
Segments INDIA Values (Rs Cr.) WORLD Values (Cr)
(2009) (2009)

Insecticides 3301 46575
Herbicides 1201 95013
Fungicides 1198 44712

Total 6000 186300

Source: Dubey, B., Kumar, A. “Agrochemical Challenges and outlook for India”, Chemical news May
2011, p 14
480
Red
Sugarc Red
Gram,
ane, Gram,
2%
2% Others, Rice, 2% Others, Rice,
14% 25%
23% 26%
Sugarc
Grapes
ane,
, 3%
2%
Tea,
Wheat, Cotton
3%
8% Grapes , 20%
Patato, Cotton,
, 3%
2% 35%
Tea,
3%
Soyabe Chillie
an, 4% Chillies s, 6%
Patato, Soyabe
, 4% Wheat,
3% an, 4%

6%

2001-02 2009-10
Figure M-IX 1.3: Indian Agro-Chemical Industry: Changing crop wise
market
Source: Dubey, B., Kumar, A. “Agrochemical Challenges and outlook for India”, Chemical news May
2011, p 14

250 1400
n  
o
ti 1200
uc 200
d
o 1000
r
p
ain  150 800
r
g
od  100 600
o
d  f 400
n 50
a
a  200
e
r
A 0 0
1950 ‐ 51 1960 ‐ 61 1970 ‐ 71 1980 ‐ 81 1990‐ 91 2000 ‐ 01 2009 ‐ 10
Population ( million) total food grain production area under food grain cultivation

Figure M-IX 1.4: Agrochemicals: A snapshot
Source : Ministry of Agriculture, GOI, Source: Dubey, B., Kumar, A. “Agrochemical Challenges and
outlook for India”, Chemical news May 2011, p 14

481
CLASSIFICATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME
MAJOR PESTICIDES
Pesticide is any agent used to kill or control undesired insects, weeds, rodents, fungi, bacteria, or
other organisms. These are derived from various chemicals and they contain different elements.
Hence, in general any pesticide shall be classified based on the pest they kill and based on the
chemical groups they contain. Table M-IX 1.3 and Figure M-IX 1.5 shows the block diagram for
classification of pesticides [Mathur, 1998, Austin, 1984, Kohn & Baker, 1997, Ramnathan &
Bhate, 1996, CPCB, 2010]. Apart from this, pesticides can be basically characterized by their
physical, chemical and toxicological properties. Toxicity may be acute or chronic and it depends
on type and dose of pesticide taken and mode of intake. Table M-IX 1.4 gives the characteristics
of some major pesticides [Irving sax,1968,Mall et al. 2003, CPCB 1994, Hawley, 1996, Austin,
2010,].
Table M-IX 1.3: Technical Grade Pesticide Manufacturer in India
Name of Pesticides
Acephate, BHC, chlorpyriphos, Cypermethrins, DDT, Dichlorvos,
Dimethoate, Deltamethrin, Dichloropropane&dichloropropanes, mixture
INSECTICIDES (D.D. mixture), Dicofol, Ethion, Endosulfan, Ethylene dibromide&
carbon tetra chloride mixture, Fenthion, Fenitrothion, Fenvalerate, Lime-
sulfur, Lindane, Malathion, Methyl parathion, Monocrotophos, Nicotine
sulphate, Oxydemetonmethol, Phosphamidon, Pyrethrum extract,
Phorate, Phosalone, Quinalphos, Temephos, Triazaphos.
Aureofungin, Copper oxychloride, Copper sulphate, Carbendazim,
FUNGICIDES Captafol, Ferbam, Mancozeb, Nickel Chloride, Organomercurials
(MEMC & PMA), Sulphur (Colloida, wettable and dust), Streptocycline,
Thiram, Tridemorph, Ziram, Zineb.
RODENTICIDES Barium carbonate, Comafuryl, Sodium cyanide, Warfarin, Zinc
phosphide.
WEEDICIDES Anilophos, Butachlor, Diuron, 2,4-D, Fluchlorallin, Glyphosate,
Isoproturon, Paraquat dichloride.
PLANT GROWTH Alpha naphthalene acetic acid, Chloromequat chloride.
REGULANTS
FUMIGANTS Aluminiumphasphide, Ethylene bromide, Methyl bromide
Source: Mathur, 1998, Austin, 1984,

482
Figure M-IX 1.5: Block Diagram of Classification of Pesticides
483
Table M-IX 1.4: Characteristic of Some Major Pesticides
Pesticide Properties Characteristic
D.D.T Insecticide, colorless white crystal, Vomiting, numbness, partial paralysis, mild
odorless or slight aromatic odor convulsions
BP=109OC , TLV=1mg/m3 of air
Parathion Insecticide , yellowish liquid Headache, blurred vision, weakness, nausea,
BP=3750C cramps, sweating, loss of reflexes, coma
2,4-D Herbicide, white powder, mol wt.- Nausea ,vomiting ,kidney and liver failure
221
Carbaryl Insecticide , solid, melting Symptoms same as parathion but to a lesser
point=1420C ,TLV=5mg/ m3 of air, extent
Dieldrin Crystalline, melting point=1500C Headache, nausea, vomiting, general malaise
and drowsiness
B.H.C White crystalline powder, melting Irritation, excitation, hyperirritability, loss of
point=1570C equilibrium, depression
Lindane White crystalline powder, melting Acute toxicity may be excitation,
point=1570C,Mol wt. =290.84 hyperirritability, and loss of equilibrium,
TLV=0.5 mg/m3of air depression, headache, nausea, irritation of
eyes, nose and throat no chronic toxicity as
such. It emits highly toxic fumes of phosgene
when heated.
Atrazine Crystalline, soluble in water, alcohol Relatively low toxicity but a possible
and chloroform carcinogen. It emits dangerous fumes when
strongly heated.
Guthion Crystals, slightly water soluble but Highly toxic: toxicity is almost same as that of
soluble in organic solvents, mol wt. parathion.
=317.3, MP =740C
Malathion Yellow liquid, BP=156- Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, absorbed by
157OC,slightly soluble in water, skin
miscible with most polar organic
solvents, combustible,
484