KINEMATIC AND TEMPORAL EVOLUTION OF THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN FORELAND FOLDTHRUST BELT: CONSTRAINTS FROM STRUCTURAL, MAGNETIC AND RADIOMETRIC ANALYSES by James Stephen Hnat A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Geology) in The University of Michigan 2009 Doctoral Committee: Professor Ben A. van der Pluijm, CoChair Professor Rob Van der Voo, CoChair Professor Roman Hryciw Associate Professor Todd Ehlers Assistant Professor Nathan Niemi © James Stephen Hnat 2009 To Amanda, with love and thanks ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people provided me with support and friendship during my time here as a graduate student. Firstly, I must thank Ben van der Pluijm for allowing me the opportunity to work with him, for his constant encouragement and for the insightful discussions we have had pertaining to geology, great television shows and life in general. I am deeply grateful to Rob Van der Voo, whose patience, support and education over the years has helped me develop into a scientist and for serving as a role model. I genuinely appreciate the significant effort of patiently reviewing this dissertation by my other committee members Roman Hryciw, Todd Ehlers and Nathan Niemi. This dissertation would not have been remotely possible without the many geologists I worked with who have local geologic knowledge and who graciously helped me during my fieldwork. Pete Lemiszki, from the Tennessee Geological Survey, generously provided me with assistance for all phases of my research in Tennessee. The help of Ed Osborne (Alabama Geological Survey), Jon Goodwin and Bob Mumm (Illinois Geological Survey) and Ray Daniel and Ryan Pinkston (Kentucky Geological Survey) is also appreciated. I am thankful for the many discussions with the modern titans of Appalachian geology, Bill Thomas and Bob Hatcher, both of whom provided help with many aspects of this dissertation. iii Josep Parés is thanked for assistance in the paleomagnetic lab, along with the great conversations and friendship. Ar‐Ar dating would not have been possible without Chris Hall. I am thankful to the many graduate students and postdocs from the PaSTeL group over the years. Eric Tohver, John Solum, Jeff Rahl, Phil McCausland, Belén Oliva‐Urcia, Philip Ong, Maodu Yan, Sam Haines, Sara Tourscher, Sasha Abrajevitch, Daming Wang, Matt Domeier, Anja Schleicher and Charlie Verdel all deserve mentioning as each provided me with both guidance and friendship. I also appreciate the friendship of my fellow graduate students, Franek Hasiuk, Matt Manon, Sarah Rilling, Matt Densmore and Darius Dixon, who all gave me a reason to look forward to Thursdays. I owe thanks to two of my previous educators, my 8th grade earth science teacher, Emory Keith, and my undergraduate advisor, Paul Ryberg, both of whom inspired me to pursue a career in the earth sciences. My family’s love and support over the years was essential to my development as a scientist. My grandfather, perhaps unwittingly, planted the seeds for my love of science and discovery at an early age. I will always appreciate the effort my parents made during my high school years to drive their nerdy kid to and from various science team practices. Finally, I am eternally grateful to my wife, whose love, support and encouragement has provided me with the strength to trudge through this whole process. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................................... iii LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................................... xiv LIST OF APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................... xv ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................ xvi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 OROGENIC CURVATURE .................................................................................................................... 1 AGE OF DEFORMATION ..................................................................................................................... 7 OUTLINE OF DISSERTATION ........................................................................................................... 9 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER II DIFFERNTIAL DISPLACEMENT AND ROTATION IN THRUST FRONTS: A MAGNETIC, CALCITE TWINNING AND PALINSPASTIC STUDY OF THE JONES VALLEY THRUST, ALABAMA, US APPALACHIANS ..................................... 18 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................. 18 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 19 STRUCTURAL SETTING ................................................................................................................... 21 Appalachian foreland thrust belt ........................................................................................... 21 Jones Valley thrust fault ............................................................................................................. 24 Displacement along the Jones Valley thrust fault ........................................................... 25 UNIT DESCRIPTION .......................................................................................................................... 31 PALEOMAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY ................................................... 32 Methods ............................................................................................................................................. 32 Paleomagnetic results ................................................................................................................. 34 Relative timing of magnetization ........................................................................................... 39 AMS Results ..................................................................................................................................... 41 CALCITE TWINNING ......................................................................................................................... 47 Methods ............................................................................................................................................. 47 Results ................................................................................................................................................ 49 DISCUSSION .......................................................................................................................................... 49 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................................... 55 v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................. 57 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 58 CHAPTER III REMAGNETIZATION IN THE TENNESSEE SALIENT, SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS, USA: CONSTRAINTS ON THE TIMING OF DEFORMATION ....... 65 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................. 65 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 66 TENNESSEE SALIENT ...................................................................................................................... 71 Regional Structure ........................................................................................................................ 71 Previous Paleomagnetic Work ................................................................................................ 74 PALEOMAGNETIC ANALYSIS OF THE TENNESSEE SALIENT ........................................ 76 Methods ............................................................................................................................................. 76 Chickamauga Limestone Results ............................................................................................ 77 Rome Formation Redbed Results .......................................................................................... 84 Red Mountain Formation Redbed Results ......................................................................... 90 DISCUSSION .......................................................................................................................................... 96 Age and Relative Timing of Magnetization in the Tennessee Salient ..................... 96 Assessment of the Nature of Curvature in the Tennessee Salient ......................... 100 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................................... 102 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................ 104 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 106 CHAPTER IV SIGNATURE OF INDENTER TECTONICS: INSIGHTS FROM CALCITE TWINNING ANALYSIS IN THE TENNESSEE SALIENT OF THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS, USA ........................................................................................................................ 113 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................... 113 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 114 GEOLOGIC SETTING ........................................................................................................................ 117 Curvature of the Tennessee Salient .................................................................................... 117 Regional Structure ...................................................................................................................... 120 Stratigraphy ................................................................................................................................... 122 CALCITE TWINNING ANALYSIS ................................................................................................ 123 RESULTS .............................................................................................................................................. 128 Thrust Belt Paleostress Directions ...................................................................................... 128 Foreland Paleostress Directions ........................................................................................... 134 Paleostress Magnitudes ............................................................................................................ 136 DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................................ 139 vi Nature of curvature in the Tennessee salient ................................................................. 139 Mechanism of curvature .......................................................................................................... 139 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................................... 144 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................ 145 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 146 CHAPTER V INFLUENCE OF DIAGENETIC GRADE ON ILLITE AGE ANALYIS: A STUDY OF APPALACHIAN FAULT GOUGE AND FORELAND SHALES ...................... 152 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................... 152 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 153 GEOLOGIC BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................ 158 Appalachian Thrust Belt .......................................................................................................... 158 Fluid Migration ............................................................................................................................. 160 SAMPLING AND METHODS ......................................................................................................... 163 Sample Collection ........................................................................................................................ 163 Sample Preparation .................................................................................................................... 165 Illite Characterization ............................................................................................................... 166 40Ar/39Ar Dating .......................................................................................................................... 168 RESULTS .............................................................................................................................................. 170 Great Smoky Thrust ................................................................................................................... 170 Saltville Thrust ............................................................................................................................. 172 Copper Creek Thrust ................................................................................................................. 174 St. Clair Thrust .............................................................................................................................. 174 Midcontinent Shales................................................................................................................... 179 DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................................ 183 Total Gas vs. Retention Ages .................................................................................................. 183 Shale Diagenesis .......................................................................................................................... 191 Appalachian Thrusts .................................................................................................................. 192 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................................... 193 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................ 194 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 197 CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................ 203 KINEMATIC EVOLUTION .............................................................................................................. 203 TEMPORAL EVOLUTION ............................................................................................................... 206 SUMMARY AND BROADER IMPLICATIONS .......................................................................... 209 vii REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 211 APPENDICES .......................................................................................................................................... 212 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Lithotectonic map of the US Appalachians, showing the main tectonic units and subdivision in this part of the Appalachian‐Caledonian‐Variscan Chain...…2 Figure 1.2: Plot of directional data (X) vs. strike (S) normalized to a reference direction (X ) and strike (S )……………………………………………..…………………………….……4 o o Figure 1.3: Paleogeographic map of North America during Late Pennsylvanian time (~300 Ma) showing the Laurentia‐Gondwana collision at the pinnacle of the Alleghanian orogeny…………………………………………………………….………………………………6 Figure 2.1: (a) Map of Alleghanian thrust belt in Alabama and associated features (Redrawn from Thomas and Bayona, 2002). (b) Geologic map of study area based on Szabo et al. (1988)………………………………………………………………..……….……………….23 Figure 2.2: Cross‐section lines (modified from Thomas and Bayona, 2005) used to determine displacement variation………………………………………………………………………27 Figure 2.3: Schematic illustration showing two scenarios for the development of a thrust sheet with the same displacement gradient……………………………………………... 30 Figure 2.4: Representative thermal demagnetization plots of the Red Mountain Formation in geographic coordinates and associated intensity plots….…………………36 Figure 2.5: (a and b) Equal area projections of site means in geographic (a) and tilt‐ corrected (b) coordinates………………….……………………………………………………………….40 Figure 2.6: Lower hemisphere, equal area projections showing AMS tensor properties for each site………………………………………………………………………………………43 Figure 2.7: (a) Flinn diagram plotting L (K /K ) and F (K /K ). Squares int max int min (triangles) represent hanging wall (footwall) site means. (b) Bulk susceptibility given in SI units measured at both room temperature (290K) and liquid nitrogen temperature (77K)…............................................................................................................................. 46 Figure 2.8: (a) Lower hemisphere, equal area projections showing tilt corrected site means including data from Hodych et al (1985)……………………………………………50 ix
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