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KASHMIRI-ENGLISH DICTIONARY FOR SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNERS CENTR4L INSTITUTE OF INDIAN LANGUAGES . . ' "MANASAGANGOTRI, MYSORE, INDIA KASHMIRI-ENGLISH DICTIONARY FOR SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNERS CENTRAL INSTITUTE OF INDIAN LANGUAGES PUBLICAnON N0.458 Major Indian Language: Ka8bmiti KASHMIRI--ENGLISH DICTIONARY FORSECONDLANGUAGELEARNERS OMKAR N. KOUL S.N.RAINA ROOP·KRISHEN BHAT CENTRAL INSTITUTE OF INDIAN LANGUAGES MANASAGANGOTRI, MYSORE, INDIA Kashmlrt-Engllsh Dlc:Honary for Second Language Learners Omkor N. Koul S.N. Raina Roop Krlshen Bhot Aprif2CXX) First published: Choltra 79 22 ©Centro/Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore, 2000. This material may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means. electronic, or mechanical. Including photocopy. recording. or any Information storage and retrieval system. without permission In writing from the publisher. Address for correspondence: Director Central Institute of Indian Languages Monasagangotrl MYSORE 570 006, INDIA. Phone: 91-821-515558. 515820 Grams: BHARATI Telex: 0846-268 CIIL IN Fax: 0091-821-515032 E.moil: [email protected] Website: http://www.ciil.org ISBN-81· 7342-064-5 PRICE Rs. 80/- Published by Dr. Omkor N. Koul. Director for Central institute of Indian Languages. Mysore. Printed by Mr. S.B.Biswos. Manager. at Clll Printing Press. Monasagangotri, Vinoba Road, Mysore 570 006. Indio. Production: K. Srinivasacharya Cover Design: Monohor FOREWORD The Central Institute of Indian Languages was established on 17th July 1969 to help, evolve and imP.lement the language policy of the Government of India and to coordinate the development of Indian languages through research, training, material production for their use in education, administration and other public domains. The Institute has seven Regional Languag~ Centres to impart 10 months intensive training in modem Indian languages to the teachers deputed by various State Governments and Union Territories. The materials which are produced in the Regional Language Centres are specialized in nature as they are designed and produced to suit the need of the second language learners. The present Dictionary was initially prepared as a Glossary in 1976 for the use of teacher trainees ~ishmiri-English who learn Kashmiri at the Northern Regional Language Centre, Patiala. As there is no other dictionary available for this purpose, it was decided to publish it in the present form. I am sure that learners of Kashmiri as a second language will find this Dictionary useful. Omkar N. Koul Director v -- - - - - -- -- KASHMIRI - ENGLISH DICTIONARY Omkar N. Koul S.N. Raina Roop Krishen Bhat INTRODUCTION ... . Jbe Kashmiri-English Dictionary presents English equivalents of Kashmiri lexical items. An attempt has been made to include those lexical items which are very frequently used in both spoken and written Kashmiri. The lexical items have been compiled on the basis of their use in common speech, conversations and literary works of modern Kashmiri. This Dictionary will be useful as a reference manual for those who are engaged in learning Kashmiri as a second or foreign language. Each entry is fo11owed by grammatical category which may help the learner to use the item correctly. Keeping in view the difficulties a non-native speaker might face in understanding the meanings of cultura~'bound terms, such terms have been explained in . simple words. The limitations of the present work did not allow us to furnish details of the usage of idioms and phrases associated with certain lexical items. The aim of the preparation of this Dictionary is to help the learners of Kashmiri in familiarizing themselves with the English equivalents of the Kashmiri lexical items in as simple words as possible. The usage of some of the lexical items is understood in particular context only. It has not been possible for us to present illustrations of such terms in the present Dictionary. A Note on transliteration We have used Roman transliteration of Kashmiri lexical ~terns in the present Dictionary. Following ~s the inventory of phonemes in Kashmiri : · Vowels: ·central Back . . F~,:ont High i/i i/i: u/u: Mid e/e: A/A: o/o: Mi4-low a > Low a: Consonants: Bi-labial Dental Palatal Rotroflex Velar Glottal Stops p t T k ph th Th kh b d D g Affricates l:i c tsh ch J Nasal m n Trill r Lateral Fricatives s sh h z Semi vowels v y ' We have followed the order of the entries in the following manner: I high central short vowel 1: high central long vowel A high central short vowel A: high central long vowel a mid central short vowel a: low-central long vowel i high front short vowel t: high front long vowel e mid front short vowel e: mid front long vowel u high back short vowel u: high back long vowel 0 mid back short vowel o: mid back long vowel > mid-low back short vowel k unaspirated voiceless velar stop kh aspirated voiceless velar stop g unaspirated voiced velar stop c unaspirated voiceless palatal affricate ch aspirated voiceless palatal affricate ts unaspirated voiceless Alveolar affricate tsh aspirated voiceless Alveolar affricate unaspirated voiced palatal affricate J z voiced dental fricative T unaspirated voiceless retroflox stop Th aspirated voiceless retroflex stop D unaspirated voiced retroflex stop t unaspirated voiceless dental stop th aspirated voiceless dental stop 4 d unaspirated voiced dental stop n voiced dental nasal p voiceless unaspirated bilabial stop ph voiceless aspirated bilabial stop b voiced unaspirated bilabial stop m voiced bilabial nasal y palatal frictionless continuant/semi vowel r trill 1 lateral v bilabial frictionless continuant/semi vowel sh palatal fricative s dental fricative h glottal fricative List of Abbreviations Adjective a Adverb ad Conjunction conj Pronoun pr. Feminine f Interjection 1 Masculine m Noun n Plural p Postposition pp. Singular s Verb v Intransitive verb Vl causal verb vc 5