Job Training Policy In The United States PDF
Preview Job Training Policy In The United States
Job Training Policy in the United States Job Training Policy in the United States Christopher J. O’Leary Robert A. Straits Stephen A. Wandner Editors 2004 W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research Kalamazoo, Michigan Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Job training policy in the United States / Christopher J. O’Leary, Robert A. Straits, Stephen A. Wandner editors. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-88099-306-5 (pbk.: alk. paper)—ISBN 0-88099-307-3 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Occupational training—Government policy—United States. 2. Occupational training—United States—Evaluation. I. O’Leary, Christopher J. II. Straits, Robert A. III. Wandner, Stephen A. HD5715.2.J626 2004 331.25'92'0973—dc22 2004007770 © 2004 W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research 300 S. Westnedge Avenue Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007–4686 The facts presented in this study and the observations and viewpoints expressed are the sole responsibility of the authors. They do not necessarily represent positions of the W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. Cover design by J.R. Underhill. Index prepared by Nancy Humphreys. Printed in the United States of America. Printed on recycled paper. Oleary training.book Page 1 Friday, September 17, 2004 8:56 AM As it becomes like one of them, we dedicate this book to our children. Amanda, Erin, and Helen. Erin and Tara. Erica, Ian, Karin, and Laura. Oleary training.book Page 2 Friday, September 17, 2004 8:56 AM Oleary training.book Page vii Friday, September 17, 2004 8:56 AM Contents Preface ix 1 U.S. Job Training: Types, Participants, and History 1 Christopher J. O’Leary, Robert A. Straits, and Stephen A. Wandner 2 Performance Management of U.S. Job Training Programs 21 Burt S. Barnow and Jeffrey A. Smith 3 The Effectiveness of Publicly Financed Training in the 57 United States: Implications for WIA and Related Programs Christopher T. King 4 Implementation Issues in Delivering Training Services 101 to Adults under WIA Ronald D’Amico and Jeffrey Salzman 5 The Use of Service Providers and Brokers/Consultants 135 in Employment and Training Programs Janet O. Javar and Stephen A. Wandner 6 Individual Training Accounts, Eligible Training Provider Lists, 177 and Consumer Report Systems Paul Decker and Irma Perez-Johnson 7 The Scope of Employer-Provided Training in the 211 United States: Who, What, Where, and How Much? Robert I. Lerman, Signe-Mary McKernan, and Stephanie Riegg 8 International Experience with Job Training: Lessons for 245 the United States Lori G. Kletzer and William L. Koch 9 Public Job Training: Experience and Prospects 289 Christopher J. O’Leary, Robert A. Straits, and Stephen A. Wandner vii Oleary training.book Page viii Friday, September 17, 2004 8:56 AM Appendix A: Job Training Data 311 Jonathan A. Simonetta The Authors 327 Conference Attendees 329 Index 337 About the Institute 359 viii Oleary training.book Page ix Friday, September 17, 2004 8:56 AM Preface Public job training programs funded by the U.S. Department of Labor (USDOL) are now 40 years old. Since their inception, the programs have evolved from strong federal control to significant local autonomy, from nar- rowly targeted to broadly available services, and from prescribed training options to significant customer choice. The evolution has been marked by four distinct stages. The 1962 Manpower Development and Training Act (MDTA) provided funding administered by regional offices of USDOL directly to job training providers delivering classroom training in local areas. The first ele- ments of decentralized decision making were introduced by the Comprehen- sive Employment and Training Act (CETA), which superceded MDTA in 1973. CETA required establishment of local administrative entities, called “prime sponsors,” to coordinate programs and competitively finance training providers. MDTA and CETA each targeted job training services to economi- cally disadvantaged workers and youth. CETA was supplanted by the Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA) in 1982. JTPA continued the decentralization trend that CETA had begun by significantly reducing the federal and state role and replacing it with a well-developed performance management system. JTPA was a results-driven job training program, which added dislocated workers as an eligible client group. The Workforce Investment Act (WIA) of 1998 replaced JTPA. WIA retained local administration but created a customer focus to programs with universal access and a greater reliance on market mechanisms. It expanded the array of job training, education, and employment services that could be accessed by customers, and mandated that one-stop centers for employment services be created in every labor market throughout the country. Universal access to programs has welcomed a wide variety of customers into the system, many of whom are served through core and intensive services. The provision of training services changed radically with the introduction of vouchers (indi- vidual training accounts) to provide training, and choices limited to training providers certified as eligible by the local WIA administrator. To inform their choice, voucher recipients have access to performance information about potential training providers—including job placement rates—through a sys- tem of consumer reports on past performance of job training participants. WIA included a sunset provision, with funding beyond five years after enactment of the original program requiring WIA reauthorization. The Bush administration proposed a number of incremental changes to the current pro- gram, the most important of which is the consolidation of all adult programs: ix
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