Japan's Imperial Diplomacy: Consuls, Treaty Ports, and War in China, 1895-1938

313 Pages·2000·1.414 MB·English

by  Barbara J. Brooks

Japan’s Imperial Diplomacy
Consuls, Treaty Ports, and War in China
1895–1938
Barbara J. Brooks
Japan’s Imperial Diplomacy
A Study of the East Asian Institute
Columbia University

Japan’s Imperial Diplomacy
Consuls, Treaty Ports, and War in China
1895–1938
Barbara J. Brooks
University of Hawai‘i Press
Honolulu
© 2000 University of Hawai‘i Press
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
05 04 03 02 01 00 5 4 3 2 1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Brooks, Barbara J., 1953–
Japan’s imperial diplomacy : consuls, treaty ports, and
war in China, 1895–1938 / Barbara J. Brooks.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0–8248–2062–2 (alk. paper)—ISBN 0–8248–2325–7
(pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Japan—Foreign relations—China. 2. China—
Foreign relations—Japan. 3. Japan—Foreign relations—
1868– 4. China—Foreign relations—1644–1912.
5. China—Foreign relations—1912—1949. I. Title.
DS849.C6 B67 2000
327.52051—dc21 00–021819
Studies of the East Asian Institute, Columbia University
The East Asian Institute is Columbia University’s center
for research, publication, and teaching on modern East
Asia. The Studies of the East Asian Institute were inau-
gurated in 1962 to bring to a wider public the results of
significant new research on modern and contemporary
East Asia.
University of Hawai‘i Press books are printed on acid-free
paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and dura-
bility of the Council on Library Resources.
Designed by Ayda Utku/Text Noumena
Printed by The Maple-Vail Manufacturing Group
To my parents

Contents
Acknowledgments/ix
Introduction/1
1 The Rise of Kasumigaseki Diplomacy/15
The Struggle for Autonomy
2 The Development of the Career Diplomat/45
Nurturing China Expertise
3 The Japanese Consul in China/79
4 TheGaimushò’s Loss in the Manchurian Incident/117
5 The Path to War/160
TheGaimushò’s Continuing Loss of Control in China Affairs
Conclusion/208
Notes/215
Bibliography/263
Index/281

Acknowledgments
I am indebted to a senior generation of scholars for the initial
concept and guidance for this book. Marius Jansen has been a
patient and attentive supporter from start to finish; I consider it
one of my greatest fortunes to have been among his students.
Although the project began at his suggestion, a few years later,
Kurihara Ken, the senior scholar of the Japanese Foreign Ministry,
shared his vision of the project with me in a conversation at the
archives. In the years since then, I have come to much greater
appreciation of his words, although I alone am responsible for the
resulting book in the form it has taken.
Along the way, I received support and advice from so many
friends and fellow researchers in Princeton, New York, Montreal,
and Tokyo. Many thanks to Furuta Kazuko, Kojò Yoshiko, Endò
Yasuo, Notòji Masako, Matsui Midori, Umemoto Tetsuzò, Michael
Birt, Bob Wakabayashi, Stephen Roddy, Martin Heijdra, Michael
Tsin, Tak Matsusaka, David Howell, Mark Seralnick, Sylvano
Mahiwo, Nishizawa Haruhiko, Adam Kabat, Greg Pflugfelder,
Alice Conklin, Faye Kleeman, Mary Brinton, Barbara Hamill Satò,
and Linda Penkower. In Tokyo, Hirano Kenichirò deserves the
greatest acknowledgment for his kind and patient mentorship dur-
ing more than one sojourn in Japan. He is among the warmest of
Japanese hosts to myself and my family in recent years. Other
scholars who have lent me time, guidance, and encouragement in-
clude Baba Akira, Etò Shinkichi, Hata Ikuhiko, Kitaoka Shin’ichi,
Iino Masako, Enatsu Yoshiki, Mark Peattie, Sheldon Garon, Peter
Duus, Hamashita Takeshi, Ikei Masaru, Sally Hastings, Richard
Smethurst, Sharon Minichiello, Kent Calder, and Arthur Waldron.
Josh Fogel deserves special thanks for his encouragement, good
humor, curiosity, and help through the years.
Many institutions have given me support for my research and
writing. Princeton University offered me vital graduate support. I
benefited immensely as a researcher affiliated with Tokyo Univer-