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IS 15177: Surface Covered Cultivation - Plastics Mulching - Code of Practice PDF

8 Pages·2002·1.1 MB·English
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इंटरनेट मानक Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public. “जान1 का अ+धकार, जी1 का अ+धकार” “प0रा1 को छोड न’ 5 तरफ” Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan Jawaharlal Nehru “The Right to Information, The Right to Live” “Step Out From the Old to the New” IS 15177 (2002): Surface Covered Cultivation - Plastics Mulching - Code of Practice [FAD 22: Agricultural Systems and Management] “!ान $ एक न’ भारत का +नम-ण” Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda ““IInnvveenntt aa NNeeww IInnddiiaa UUssiinngg KKnnoowwlleeddggee”” “!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता हहहहै””ै” Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam “Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen” Is 15177:2002 Wi’-dh W’=lm Indian Standard SURFACE COVERED CULTIVATION — PLASTICS MULCHING — CODE OF PRACTICE ICS 65.040.30 0 BIS 2002 BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG NEWDELHI 110002 .4Uglist 2002 Price Group 1 t, h, Agricultural Produce Processing and Milling Machinery and Surface Covered Cultivation Structures Sectional Committee, FAD 61 FOREWORD This Indian Standard was adopted bythe Bureau of Indian Standards, afler the draft finalized by the Agricultural Produce Processing and Milling Machinery and Surface Covered Cultivation Structures Sectional Committee had been approved by the Food and Agriculture Division Council. The practice of mulching in agriculture is very old. Crop residue, paper, soil, pebbles and synthetic materials have been used as mulches under diverse agro-climatic conditions. The main objectives of using the practice of mulching”have been water conservation, weed control and soil temperature modification. However, pest control and carbon di-oxide ( C02 ) enrichment have also been observed as benefits of mulching. With the advent of plastics films, it has been possible to achieve the whole range of benefits provided the right kind of material is used correctly. Plastics mulching have become very relevant for sustainable environment-friendly agriculture because it reduces the requirements of fertiliser and agro-chemicals by better utilisation efficiency. The plastics mulching also reduces soil erosion. A need has been felt to include relevant information in fiis standard to guide prospective users to select appropriate plastics mulch films for the intended applications and use it correctly. In preparation of this standard, considerable assistance have been derived fi-omIndian Agriculture Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi. For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with the final value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with IS2:1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised )’. The number ofsignificant places retained inthe rounded off value should be the same that of the specified value in this standard. IS 15177:2002 Indian Standard SURFACE COVERED CULTIVATION — PLASTICS MULCHING — CODE OF PRACTICE 1 SCOPE natural environmental conditions and getmixed with the soil after the mulching period. These plastics This standard covers recommendations for the materials may be cellulose based. selection of plastics mulch film and the methods of application. 2.1.5.3 Nutritional mulches 2 TERMINOLOGY These plastics mulches which are designed to release plant nutrients slowly into the plant root zone while For the purpose of this Indian Standard, following acting asanormal plastics mulch. definitions shall apply. i 2.1 Mulching 2.L5.4 Reflective mulching Mulching isthe practice of covering the soil around Aplastics mulching material, which actsasreflective aplant or arow crop plants with a suitable material surfacefacingthesky.Thesemulcheshavebeen found to modifi the soil environment favorably and to tokeepthesoilcoolerthantheairandthereby enhance reduce evaporation losses and weed population. photosynthesis. 2.1.1 Gravel Mulch 2.1.6 Soil Mulch or Dust Mulch Gravelmulchesof5to 10mmthicknessnotonlyreduce Ifthe surface ofthe soil isloosened, itacts asmulch evaporation from soil surface but also improve for reducing evaporation. This loose surface soil is infiltration of water into soil. Depending upon the calledsoilmulchordustmulch. Intercultivationcreates colour ofthe gravel, the soil iswarmed or cooled. soil mulch inagrowing crop. 2.1.2 Latex, Asphalt, Oil Mulches 2.1.7 Stubble Mulch These mulches have been found suitable in specific Crop residues like wheat straw, cotton stalk, etc, are desert situations. This type of mulch also stores the left on the soil surface as stubble mulch. The daytime heat and thus keeps soil warm during cold advantages of stubble mulch are protection of soil nights. from erosion and reduction of evaporation losses. 2.1.3 Live Mulching When wheat straw or paddy straw is used as the mulching material, itiscalled straw mulch. Itisaprocess of growing cover crops such asmoong and urd toprovide the advantage ofmulching forthe 3 SELECTION OF PLASTICS MULCH FILMS main crop. 3.1 Colour 2.1.4 Organic Mulches Colour of plastic mulch maybe black, transparent, The organic materials suchascrop by-products, farm white reflective, blue, red or any other. Selection of yardmanure(FYM)andby-productsoftimber industry, colour depends upon the specific purpose for whenusedformulching,areknownasorganicmulches. mulching. For most mulching applications, that is, Organic mulches create no post-utilisation disposal moisture conservation and weed control, black film problem but their availability cannot be assured. isused. If the objective isto conserve moisture and control weeds without raising soil temperature then 2.1.5 Plastics Mulch the colour of the mulch film should be either milky Plastics materials like polyethylene and polyvinyl whiteoraluminised reflective. For applications where chloridefilmsareusedasmulchmaterials,Whilenatural soil temperature needs to be enhanced, that is,either mulches may notbe available atalltimes and places, soilpolarizationorcropcultivation undercoldclimatic plastics mulches can be made available in different condition, the mulch film should be transparent. colours and thickness to obtain the desired effects. Mulch films of red, green, blue and yellow maybe 2.1.5.1 Photo-degradable plastics mulch used withadvantage for specific crops. However, the experience is not adequate to make clear Those plastics mulching materials, which get recommendations. disintegrated under sunlight over the designed mulching period. 3.2 Width 2.1.5.2 Bio-degradable plastics mulches The film width should be such thatthe crop agronomic Thoseplasticsmaterials whichgetdisintegrated under practices could beconveniently followed. The width 1 ?, Is 15177:2002 of 90 cm and 120 cm are more common. The aim, 6 FERTILIZER APPLICATIONS . therefore, should be to make use of available width Inthe full bed mulch system, all fertilizers and soil- ofmulch film inthe most effective manner. applied chemicals should be usually placed in, or on 3.3 Thickness thebed,beforethemulchisapplied.Followingmethods maybeusedtoreplacethelostfertilizer inthemulched Economics suggests that the film thickness should field: be the minimum possible commensurate with the desired lifeandstrength. Considering onlyoneseason a) Holes are punched through the mulch into use, the film for vegetable crops should last for 3to which dry fertilizer isplaced manually. This 6months and the film thickness should be not more methodislabourintensive,difficulttocalibrate than 20microns. For annual crops suchassugarcane, and canresult into crop damage iftoo much the thickness ofthe film may beupto30 micron. For fertilizer isplaced or ifitisplaced too close orchards, the film thickness should be considerably to plants. moretolastforseveralyears.Replacementoffilmafier b) Liquid fertilizer isplaced through themulch a period of, say, three years in orchards may be withthemulch transplanting machines. This contemplated and accordingly the film thickness method requires several trips across a field should bedecided. Recommended thickness ofmulch in order to place enough solution into the films for different crops are given inTable 1. beds to satis~ crop needs, especially inthe late season. If plants are large, this method Table 1 Recommended Thickness of Mulched canresultindamagetoplantshootsandroots. Film for Different Crops c) Theedgeofthemulch ismechanically raised Category Name of Crops Mulch Film andfertilizer isapplied along theedge ofthe Thickness, P bed. This technique can result indamage to (1) (2) (3) mulch and plant roots. Seasonalcrops Peanuts, tomato, <=20 d) Fertilizer isspread inislesbetween the beds. strawberry, cucurbits Thismethodresults inpoor efficiency inplant capsicum, lettuce, beans, utilizationoffertilizerandthefertilizerishighly okra, broccoli, cabbage, subjected to leaching and run-off. cauliflowers Annual crops Sugarcane,papay~bsmars~ 20-30 e) Fertilizer isapplied through drip irrigation chrysanthemum, gerbera, system. This isthe best method of fertilizer carnation, brinjal, cotton, application inmulched crops. maize t) Use of an injection wheel inmulched fields Perennial crops Orchard crops, rose 50-100 toapply liquid fertilizer. 4 LAYING OF MULCH FILMS 7 IRRIGATION Plastics films for mulching should belaidproperly in Thebestwayofirrigatingthemulchedcrops isthrough the field, normally, before crop planting/emergence/ drip method. However, inthe event of not using the transplanting. This includes preparation ofseedbed, drip method, other methods of irrigation could be spreading ofmulch film, and anchoring ofthe edges employed. Irrigation through sprinklers is also ofthefilm.Theseoperations, ifdonemanually,become possible. In case, it is not a continuous mulching, very time consuming and costly. However, it is fhrrow irrigation canbepractised. Ifthe mulching is possible to mechanise this activity. Tractor operated continuous, holesatregular intervals maybe punched mulch laying machines have been developed and are inthemulchfilmsothat tlu-rowirrigation water could in use in many countries. Availability of such a reach the root zone of the crop. machines is expected to improve the economics of plastics mulching significantly. 8 REMOVAL AND DISPOSAL OF USED MULCH FILMS 5 SOWING/PLANTING/TRANSPLANTING Plastics films donot disintegrate quickly inthe soil. After laying the plastics mulches, the establishment Therefore, at the end of the season, the mulch film ofcrop standrequires theuseofdevices/tools tomake should be removed and disposed off properly so as holes in the film at desired intervals and placement toavoidanyplasticspollution problems. Thisrequires ofseed/seedlings intheholes. Amongvarious options thedevelopment oftools andprocesses formulch film available for accomplishing thisjob, hot dibbling is removal anddisposal. Ifpossible, mulch film maybe the most appropriate method for making holes inthe partlyrecycled andused.Asoundstrategy willrequire mulchfilm. the liaison with plastics processing industry. 2 7, Bureau of Indian Standards BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau oflndian Standards Act, 1986 to promote harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods and attending to connected matters in the country. Copyright BIShasthecopyright ofallitspublications. Nopartofthesepublications maybe reproduced inanyformwithout the prior permission inwriting of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, inthe course of implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations. Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director (Publications), $1S. Review of Indian Standards Amendments are issued to standards astheneed arises onthe basis ofcomments. Standards are also reviewed periodically; astandard along with amendments isreaffirmed when suchreview indicates that no changes are needed; ifthe review indicates that changes are needed, it istaken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are inpossession ofthe latest amendments oredition byreferring to the latest issue of ‘BIS Catalogue’ and ‘Standards :Monthly Additions’. This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc :No. FAD43( 1029). Amendments Issued Since Publication Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS Headquarters: Manak Bhavan, 9Bahadur ShahZafar Marg, New Delhi 110002 Telegrams: Manaksanstha Telephones: 3230131,3233375,3239402 (Common to all offices) Regional Offices: Telephone Central: Manak Bhavan, 9Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg 3237617 NEWDELHI 110002 { 3233841 Eastern : 1/14C.I.T.Scheme VIIM,V.I.P.Road, Kankurgachi 3378499,3378561 KOLKATA700 054 { 3378626,3379120 Northern: SCO335-336, Sector34-A,CHANDIGARH 160022 603843 { 602025 Southern: C.1.T.Campus, IVCross Road, CHENNAI 600113 2541216,2541442 { 2542519,2541315 . Western : Manakalaya, E9MIDC, Marol, Andheri (East) 8329295,8327858 MUMBAI400093 { 8327891,8327892 Branches : AHMADABAD. BANGALORE. BHOPAL. BHUBANESHWAR. COIMBATORE. FARIDABAD. GHAZIABAD. GUWAHATI. HYDERABAD. JAIPUR. KANPUR. LUCKNOW.NAGPUR.NALAGARH.PATNA.PUNE.RAJKOT.THIRUVANANTHAPURAM. PrintedatNewIndiaPrintingPress, Khurja, Indit; r

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