IS 13624: Methods of sampling and analysis of water formed deposits - Guidelines

20 Pages·1993·2.2 MB·English

by  Bureau of Indian Standards

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IS 13624 (1993): Methods of sampling and analysis of water
formed deposits - Guidelines [CHD 13: Water Quality for
Industrial Purposes]
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Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
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IS 13624 : 1993

Indian Standard
,
METHODS OF SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
OF WATER FORMED DEPOSITS -
GUIDELINES
UDC 663.6 : 543.3

@ SIB 1993
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
KANAM ,NAVAHB 9 RUDAHAB HAHS RAFAZ MARG
WEN IHLED 110002 *
April 1993 Price Group 7
retaW lanoitceS ,eettimmoC DHC 013
FOREWORD
sihT naidnI dradnatS was detpoda yb eht uaeruB fo naidnI Standards, retfa eht tfard dezilanif yb
eht retaW lanoitceS eettimmoC had neeb devorppa yb eht lacimehC noisiviD .licnuoC
nI ,yrtsudni retaw is desu rof suoirav sesoprup and semoc ni tcatnoc htiw tnereffid slairetam fo
snoitcurtsnoc rehtie ni diuqil ro suoesag etats at tnereffid .serutarepmet nehW eht secafrus fo
eht slairetam fo noitcurtsnoc ro tnempiuqe teg deluof htiw ,selacs noisorroc ,stcudorp lacigoloib
stisoped ro sludges, yam dael ot rieht erutamerp .eruliaf esehT stcudorp era rehtie demrof yb
eht elbarisednu elbulos ro elbulosni stnetnoc deirrac revo yb eht retaw morf eht ecruos ro demrof
yb eht noitcaer fo retaw ro its stnetnoc htiw secafrus ni tcatnoc htiw .ti
noitanimaxE and sisylana fo eseht retaw demrof stisoped lliw edivorp tneiciffus noitamrofni ot
esongaid eht snosaer fo noitamrof fo hcus stisoped and dluow pleh ot ekat evitcerroc steps hcus
as elbatius tnemtaert fo retaw erofeb its esu and noitneverp fo noitullop fo rehtie retaw ro eht
,tnemnorivne .cte ehT sisylana lliw rehtruf pleh rof noitulove fo sdohtem rof gnivomer eseht
stisoped ylisae tuohtiw gnisidrapoej eht rehtruf ytilitu fo eht slairetam and .tnempiuqe
nI eht noitaraperp fo this standard elbaredisnoc assistance has devired morf .MTSA
nI gnitroper eht tset tluser ro sisylana edam ni ecnadrocca htiw this standard, fi eht lanif ,eulav
devresbo ro ,detaluclac is ot eb dednuor ,ffo ti dluohs eb enod ni ecnadrocca htiw 1s 2 : 1960
&eluR‘ rof gnidnuor ffo laciremun seulav ( .‘)desiver
IS 13624: 1993
Indian Standard
METHODS OF SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
OF WATER FORMED DEPOSITS -
GUIDELINES
I EPOCS 3 SEPYT FO STISOPED
1.1 sihT dradnats srevoc the sepyt cf stisoped 3.1 Each water demrof tisoped yam evah -effid
no tnempiuqe secafrus ni retaw-maets metsys dna tner scitsiretcarahc gnidneped nopu the -itrap
the sdohtem of gnilpmas for sisylana dna -nedi raluc ,gnissecorp snoitidnoc of esu of water ni
noitacifit of rieht tneutitsnoc gnibircsed ylfeirb the process, slairetam of snoitcurtsnoc ni tcatnoc
the erutan of the .stisoped htiw water, erutarepmet dna erusserp of the
metsys dna llarevo ytilauq of water desu ni the
1.1.1 tpmettA has neeb edam ot emarf the process. roF ,elpmaxe ni heat ,sregnahcxe
senilediug for noitatneserp of those sdohtem lareneg mrof of stisoped :edulcni
that llahs eb elbatius for tsom ,stisoped fi ton
a?
.lla Methods of gnilpmas ,yam ,revewoh eb -noc stnemides of the dednepsus slairetam
yltneinev decalper or deifidom htiw devorpmi tneserp ni the water rednu ,esu
seuqinhcet as yeht emoceb elbaliava morf emit
b) noisore stcudorp of the .slairetam
ot .emit ,revewoH ti si tnatropmi that gnilpmas
secived elbapac of gnivig a evitatneserper elpmas lc ssendrah selacs gnitsisnoc of muiclac
llahs eb .desu ,etanobrac muisengam ,sedixordyh
muiclac etahplus eud ot ( yraropmet dna
1.1.2 esehT senilediug are desab no the -irepxe
tnenamrep ) ssendrah tneserp ni water,
ecne deniag revo the ,sraey htiw ylno those
dna
water demrof stisoped hcihw are deretnuocne
elihw gnisu water ni the yrtsudni gnivlovni heat
4 latem sedixo dna sedixordvh eud ot -orroc
,sregnahcxe maets gnisiar tnempiuqe ( reliob dna
nois of the ,slairetam etc. nO the other
other seirossecca ) dna maets gnitator -piuqe
,dnah the stisoped no the enibrut sedalb
tnem htiw ,seirossecca hcihw edulcni the dne esu
yam yllareneg eb of ,acilis or xelpmoc
of the .maets
,setacilis a yrev hard dna tnerehda elacs
dna si etiuq tluciffid ot .evomer fI the
2 SECNEREFER
water ytilauq or the maets ytilauq -egot

ther htiw sliated of process are ,nwonk
ehT naidnI sdradnatS detsil woleb are yrassecen
stcnujda ot siht dradnats : there yam ton eb yna ytluciffid ni -tciderp
gni the erutan of stisoped demrof ni yna
IS No. Title noitces of the .metsys
460 noitacificepS for test eveis : ,revewoH ni tsom of the seirtsudni gnidulcni
( Part 1 ) : 1978 Part 1 eriW htolc test eveis the power snoitats ( raelcun dna lamreht ) the
( second revision ) retaw-maets elcyc si etiuq egral dna there si a
lluf degdelf ytilibissop of ssam tropsnart -vlovni
1917 : 1962 Methods of lacimehc sisylana
gni refsnart of stisoped morf eno part ot the
of etiztrauq dna hgih acilis
other part of the .metsys ecneH deliated -ana
dnas
sisyl of the laudividni stisoped are the ylno yaw
5194 : 1969 Methods of noitanimreted of ot wonk the sesuac of stisoped dna ot take
negortin - eladlejK dohtem evitcerroc noitca .ylgnidrocca
6361 : 1971 Methods of cirtemirolac 3.2 elbaT 1 setartsul!i the noitacol of niatrec
noitanimreted of phosphates secnatsbus or larenim seiceps ni .sreliob
IS 13624: 1993
Table 1 Location of Mineral Species in Boilers
( Clause 3.2 )
Nature of Compound Mineral Species Areas Where Found
2
1. setanobraC fo enilakla ctinogarA ( CaCO, ) 1 nI taeh ,egnahcxe renetfos dna liob
htrae dna yvaeh slatem eticlaC ( ,O&C ) segduls eud ot noitatipicerp fo -racib
etimoloD ( sOCaC gM ,OC ) I setanob rednu taeh ro hgih Hp -ulfni
etirekrA ( CaCO, )
( ,eF ,gM ,OCnM ) 1 neI nce wol . erusserp .sreliob etatipicerP
$$u;;te5(;$03 ) rednu hgih taeh ecneulfni
P z J
2. sedixordyH fo alka- eticurB gM[ ( OH ,j ] nI reliob dna renetfos ,segduls eud
htras;a;eF dna yvaeh ot sisylordyh rednu hgih Hp -idnoc
snoit
],)HO(aC[emiL nI emil yrruls gnisod enil dna ni
maets enil eud ot lamreht sisylordyh
ylsuoiverp tisoped muiclac .etanobrac
suorreF [ eF ( OH )a ] edixordyh 1
nI noisorroc stip ot noitcaer fo latem
k htiw retaw
cirreF [ eF ( OH )3 ] edixordyh J
lekciN edixordyh [ Ni ( OH *) ] nI lekcinorpuc egats sretaeh eud ot
.noitailofxe
3. lateM sedixo dna etitameaH ( ,eF 0, )
sdnuopmoc fo slatem etitengaM ( ,eF O4 ) f nI reliob segduls no ebut secafrus
rednu tcatnoc htiw norI edixo ( 0eF ) ot noisorroc yb eud maets/retaw
retaw etirpuC ( Cu, 0 ) 1
etironeT ( CuO )
J
mudnuroC 6 ( - sOalA ) 3 nI reliob segduls dna no senibrut eud
eticniZ ( )OnZ ot lairetam noisorroc
J>
etimacatA 6 [ - .*lCuC 3Cu 1
( OH )a 1
nO cillatem secafrus dna no -orroc
etiruzA [ 2 CuCO,. Cu (OH o) ] I , nois stcudorp
etitnahcorB [ .,OSuC 3Cu
(OH)21 3
.4. setahpsohP fo alkali etitapayxordyH [ ,,,aC ( S)HO 1 nI reliob egduls eud ot tnemtaert
dna enilakla htrae ( 4OP 6) 1 I slacimehc
slatem dna nori
etiekliW [ Ca,,O ( ,iS ,P dO)S Bl L nI reliob elacs eud ot hgih -artnecnoc
muidoS muiclac etahpsohp noit fo tnemtaert slacimehc dna ni
NaCa ( PO1 ) reliob segduls
etikcoltihW ( ,aC-B *P O8 ) J
muiclaciD etahpsohp ( CaHPO, )
muisengaM etahpsohpyxordyh nI reliob egduls eulc ot hgih etahpsohp
[ ,gM .,OP gM ( OH z) 1 wol acilis .noitartnecnoc
etinaiviV [ 8eF ( &OP .%) ,HS 0 ] nO gnilooc metsys secafrus eud ot
etahpsohp esod
5. aciliS dna setacilis etilabotsirC nOiS( ) nI reliob elacs dna enibrut elacs eud
noitatipicerp fo cicilis dica dna -yrrac
revo ni maets ylevitcepser
eerF aciliS ( SiOa ) nO taeh regnahcxe secafrus eud ot
noitisoped fo dnas ro trid ni gnilooc
retaw
eaitnepruS ( .OgM3 2SiOa. 2HeO ) 7
nI reliob egduls eud ot noitcaer fo
Talc ( 3 .OgM 4 .,OiS Ha0 ) gM ( OH z) htiw acilis
etiloipeS ( .OgM2 .,0iS3 2H,O )
2
IS 13624 : 1993
Table 1 ( concluded )
lS Nature of Compound Mineral Species Areas Where Found
iloyrC et ( 2CaO. 2SI0,. HP0 )
etiltonoX ( 3Ca0, 5SiOa. HI,0 ) nI reliob selacs eud ot noitcaer fo
etigahsoF ( 5CaO. .IOiS3 3HaO ) muiclac ssendrah htiw acilis
etilotceP ( Na,O. 4CaO. 6S10, )
etilayaF ( .OeF2 si02 )
e&lluM ( 3A1,03. 2Si0, ) nO enibrut strap eud ot noitardyhed
enivilO [ 2 ( .gM eF ) 0. ,0iS5 ] fo eht dnopserroc mrof
etiretsroF .OgM2( lOiS )
setacjli;~;$cS ( Na, ,OiE and nO enibrut strap eud ot ytilibulos ni
a a 6 erutarepmet maets
etimcA ( .OzaN Fea08. 4Si01 )
eticlanA f Na,O. .nOLA _ 4SiOL nI reliob ,egduls reliob elacs dna
2Hz0) \ - enibrut elacs eud ot hgih erutarepmet
etilortaN ( Na,O. A1,03. dna erom noitartnecnoc fo eht
.,0iS3 2Hz0 ) stnenopmoc
etileseN ( 5Na,O. ,0.LA3
6SiOa. 250, )
6. setahpluS fo alkali muiclaC setahplus ( CaSO, ) nO taeh regnahcxe secafrus eud ot
dna enilakla htrae retsalP fo siraP ( .,OSaC Ho0 ) noitatipicerp dna noitardyhed
muspyG ( CaS04, 2HsO )
etidranehT ( saN SOa - V ) nO retaehrepus dna enibrut sedalb
etidranehtateM ( Na, 4oS - I eud ot noitatipicerp no hgih -pmet
erutare
~~k~~:k)( 2Na,SO,, ,OCsaN )
7. sedihpluS fo reppoc eticoclahC ( euC S ) reppoC ebut taeh regnahcxe eud ot
dna nori ctillevoC ( CuS ) ecneserp fo i&H ni retaw ro ruhplus
gnitteg decuder ni eht metsys
etrtohrryP ( SeF ) nO reliob dna repus retaeh sebut eud
eriliorT ( SeF ) ot hgih erutarepmet noitcuder fo
etahplus ro dtihplus ni eht noiger
.a cinagrO stlas nO taeh regnahcxe secafrus eud ot
noitatipicerp fo cinagro lairetam ni
retaw
muiclaC etalaxo ( .,OsCaC He0 j nI rotaropave eud ot noilatipicerp
ro noitcaer fo cilaxo dica ( fi tneserp )
( ,O,GaC ) htiw muiclac

4 METHODS OF SAMPLING 4.2 Collections
a) ehT elpmas detcelloc morf eht tniop fo
4.1 edoM fo sampling shall eb hcus that eht
noitamrof shall eb dellac ssorg‘ ,’elpmas
stisoped drawn era evitatneserper fo eht saera
hcihw lliw neht eb ylbatius deraperp ni
and noitacol os that tneuqesbus sisylana is elba
eht yrotarobal rof lanif ,noitanimaxe
ot edivorp tneiciffus lufesu noitamrofni -drager
hcihw shall eb dellac as elpmas* rof ana-
gni eht msinahcem fo noitamrof fo stisoped ni
.’sisyl
esoht cificeps .saera tneiciffuS erac shall eb
desicrexe elihw gnivomer stisoped morf eht b) ehT stisoped era ot eb denimaxe yllausiv
cillatem secafrus ot diova egamad ot eht -piuqe no etis erofeb sampling ssorg‘ .’elpmas
tnem and yna cillatem noitanimatnoc ni eht stisopeD htiw tnereffid secnaraeppa shall
stisoped morf eht ecafrus fo lanoitcurtsnoc ton eb dexim rehtegot and a etarapes
.slairetam fI yna tisoped is ylemertxe tnerehda sampling has ot eb .enod etarapeS samp-
no eht ecafrus and yam rehtien eb devomer ,gnil esiwaera ro tnereffid sessecorp
yllatot ron yam eb nekat tuo htiwgnola eht -rop ,esiwegats is .elbarised
noit fo cillatem ,ecafrus a ,elpmas neve -pernu ylesooL tnerehda tisoped no eht ecafrus
,evitatneser yam eb drawn, neve hguoht ti yam ( hcus as ,egduls noisorroc ,stcudorp
ton eb elbatius rof all .sesoprup lacigoloib ,stisoped cte ,) yam eb drawn
_yb a elbatius repparcs ekil spatula, ,noops
ehT gniwollof seuqinhcet shall eb detpoda elihw mht eceip fo 9doow draobdrac ,eceip ,lesihc
gniward samples fo stisoped rof .sisylana sharp degde ?leets repparcs gnidulcni
3
IS 13624 : 1993
efink or yb yna lacinahcem shock -dulcni
4.3 Quantity
gni the esu of .remmah
erehT si on deificeps ytitnauq of stisoped ot eb
d) Hard tnerehda stisoped no the ecafrus nward as a elpmas for .sisylana gnidnepeD
llahs eb devomer yb gnipparcs dohtem nopu the erutan of tests ot eb deirrac tuo the
htiw the dia of sharp ,nep ,efink ytitnauq of elpmas yam eb dediced yb the -ana
ylsuoituac .tsyl sA emos stisoped tonnac eb degdolsid
paper or el:Eius w012’p~epkolevnYeb GZ‘“ yllatot morf the ecafrus dna laudividni selpmas
ecafrus for gnitcelloc the scrapped -wop has ot eb deredisnoc for tnereffid process
der. gnipparcS of the stisoped llahs eb stages ot yfitnedi the melborp of .noitisoped
enod esivvreyal ( gnitrats morf reppu tsom A elpmas as elttil as 0.1 g si yllausu tneiciffus
reyal of the tisoped ), each emit gnisu ot get tneiciffus evitamrofni data. tuobA 5 g
the efink ni hcus a yaw that the gnittuc of tisoped elpmas si elbarised for na evisnetxe
edge of the efink si latnoziroh ot the yar-X noitcarffid .yduts enituoR lacimehc
.ecafrus sihT lliw diova scratch no the sisylana yllausu si elbissop htiw tuoba 10 g of
latem ecafrus elihw gnipparcs the tsal eIpmas elihw etarobale snoitagitsevni yam
reyal of the .tisoped fI a noitrop of the eriuqer tuoba 100 g .elpmas
ecafrus no hcihw the tisoped has neeb
,demrof yam eb nekat tuo yb gnittuc a 4.4 retfA .noitcelloc the elpmas llahs eb kept
llams noitces of the enilepip or ,ebut neht ni a elbatius reniatnoc ylreporp delaes ot -erp
the stisoped yam eb devomer yb gniylppa tnev yna noitanimatnoc gnirud the .tropsnart
lacinahcem or lamreht shock ot the .eceip roF yrd ,stisoped a ssalg or citsalp reniatnoc
llahs eb etauqeda htiw proper gnilaes -egnarra
4 fI the stisoped nac ton eb devomer ni the .tnem
lanigiro mrof yb the evoba snaem neht ti
si elbasivda ot tup the noitrop of the -rus 4.5 ehT elpmas after gnieb delaes ni a elbatius
face gniniatnoc tisoped otni na detibihni reniatnoc llahs eb dellebal ,ylreporp htiw eman
dica ( ot diova noitcaer htiw erab latem ). dna noitpircsed of the tnempiuqe morf hcihw
sihT lliw pleh ni noitargetnisid of the the elpmas was ,deniatbo the esicerp ,noitacol
stisoped dna a elpmis lacinahcem shock the ecnaraeppa dna the esicerp tnetxe of -oped
yam ease rieht gnigdolsid morf the -rus tis roirp ot ,1avomer dohtem desu ni gnivomer
face. htoB elbulos dna elbulosni snoitrop the ,elpmas etc, dna yna other noitamrofni
of the tisoped ni dica yam neht eb denioj deton gnirud noitcelloc of the .elpmas
together dna detaropave ot .ssenyrd
sisylanA of hcus a elpmas lliw yltceridni 4.6 Laboratory Sampling
tciderp the noitisopmoc of the .tisoped
ehT ‘gross ’elpmas llahs eb tsrif ria deird
ehT erutan of noitcaer htiw the dica desu
.ylreporp fI the ytitnauq si yrev ssel ( ssel
,yam ,revev;oh eb deton yletaidemmi ot
naht 1 g ) ti si elbasivda ot xim the yllacitnedi
etalerroc the sgnidnif of the .sisylana
gniraeppa elpmas of the emas area dna ekam a
detibihnI ,cirolhcordvh ciroulfordyh or a
.etisopmoc Part of the elpmas llahs eb kept
few cinagro sdica yam eb yllufesu -pme as ti si for ecnerefer dna the rest llahs eb -wop
deyol ni the evoba process.
dered ylbatius ui na agate ,ratrom dna dexim

fI the stisoped are dnuof no hguor or ylreporp ot ekam ti vlhguoroht .suoenegomoh
ralugerri ,secafrus detniop dne of efink or sihT llahs neht eb treated as yrotarobal .elpmas
eldeen llahs eb desu ot scrap the stisoped
or ,esiwrehto lacinahcem or lamreht shock 5 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION OF
llahs osla eb .deilppa stisopeD of ylesool DEPOSITS
tnerehda erutan yam reve-oh eb nekat
Before gnivomer the stisoped morf the ,ecafrus
tuo yb gnisu nori hsurb dna selpmas are
na tnemssessa of the tisoped ,ssenkciht area
detcelloc as lausu no paper sheet or ni
derevoc dna etamixorppa vtitnauq llahs eb
elbatius .sepolevne
edam dna recorded. tI si elbarised ot evah
fI the stisoped are ni the mrof of ,semils photograph of the ,stisoped fi ,elbissop dna
ti si syawla retteb ot tcelloc the selpmas erapmoc the emas htiw that of the erab ecafrus
erofeb yeht get .deird ehT tsiom -oped of the .latem .nehT the snaem lavomerfo of
stis or the stisoped ni the mrof of ,yrruls stisoped morf the ecafrus llahs osla ?b recorded
so degdolsid llahs eb kept ni delaes -noc htiw yna other noitavresbo deton gnirud -sid
sreniat rednu detaregirfer snoitidnoc for gnigdol the .stisoped nI case of lacinhcem
lacigoloiretcab .noitanimaxe ,yltneuqesbuS ,lavomer gnisu efink or hsurb of yna copper
the selpmas nac eb devreserp ni the deird gnitaoc no the ebut ecafrus ( woleb the -oped
mrof for rehtruf .noitanimaxe stis ) yam eb deton dna reported.
4
SI 3991:42631
retfA eht lavomer fo eht ,stisoped eht stisoped 6.2 tI is rehtruf elbasivda ot peek a noitrop fo
shall eb denimaxe rof eht gnimoIlof and eht stisoped as a ecnerefer elpmas and rof yar-X
:dedrocer noitcarffid ro noitprosba ypocsortceps -imaxe
noitan and eht tser is dnuorg ni a ratrom retfa
4 ehT lacisyhp ecnaraeppa fo eht ,stisoped gnitteg dir fo eerf retaw and lio morf eht -oped
lausiv noitanimaxe ,ziv ,ezis epahs ,ruoloc sits yleman yb gniyrd at 35 ot 40°C and washing
,ruodo enillatsyrc ro suohproma -sisnoc yb mroforolhc and rehte .ylevitcepser
,ycnet hardness, citengam ,ytreporp .cte
6.3 ehT lio eerf and deird lairetam retfa -dnirg
b) ehT erutxet fo suoirav sreyal and -gocer gni is deretrauq nwod ot a elpmas fo -ixorppa
noitin fo laudividni slatsyrc fi yna rednu yletam 10 g ( fi os ,elbaliava esiwrehto eht
cipocsorcim noitanimaxe and erapmoc elohw ytitnauq revetahw is elbaliava ) and is
htiw eht standard dnuopmoc hcihw is rehtruf dnuorg ot pass an SI eveiS fo 150 norcim
detcepsus ot eb tneserp ni eht .tisoped ees[ SI 460 ( traP I ) : 1978 1. sihT is rehtruf
delttob ro debut and ylreporp deppac retfa
c>
ehT ytilibulos fo eht stisoped no gnitaert hguoroht .gnixim ehT elttob ro ebut is rehtruf
a noitrop htiw retaw and eton nwod eht dellebal htiw all yrassecen .noitamrofni sihT
Hp fo eht retaw .tcartxe yrotarobal elpmas is neht ydaer rof lacimehc
.sisylana
4 ehT elbissop mrof fo dnuopmoc tneserp
ni eht ,tisoped ,yleman cinagro ,rettam
6.4 tI is ,revewoh yrassecen ot evah laiceps ezis
sulphur, ,cte and eht egnahc ni ruoloc
elpmas rof emos ralucitrap stset rof hcihw a
and ruodo no gnitaeh a noitrop fo eht
etarapes sampling shall eb enod morf eht ssorg
.elpmas
elpmas retfa eud gnihsurc ro ,gnidnirg revetahkh
e) ehT eerf retaw tneserp no gniyrd a -rop yam eb .elbacilppa As rof ,elpmaxe snoitrop
noit fo eht stisoped neewteb 35 ot 40°C. no hcihw noitcarfer xedni is deriuqer shall eb
dehsurc ot renif ezis os that ti is ton oot small rof
)f ehT ecneserp fo lio no shaking a noitrop raelc ,noitulos saerehw eht noitrop shall eb
fo eht stisoped htiw mroforolhc ro tnevlos dnuorg ot 63 norcim ro renif rof yar-X and
.rehte cihpargortceps ,noitanimaxe 53 norcim ro renif
and 150 norcim ro renif rof cipocsorcim -imaxe
a>
,snoitavresbO fi ,yna no gnidnirg a -rop .noitan suoiraV rehto lacisyhp and lacimehc
noit fo .stisoped stnemtaert yam eb nevig ot snoitrop fo eht
elpmas gniogrednu .noitacifitnedi
h) ehT ecneserp fo ,setanobrac nori ,edihplus
,cte no gnitaert a noitrop fo stisoped
7 SDOHTEM FO NOITACIFITNEDI FO
htiw cirolhcordyh .dica
STISOPED
>j ehT ,rojam ronim ro ecart stneutitsnoc no 7.1 ehT noitacifitnedi fo retaw demrof stisoped

,cihpargortceps ro ,cihpargortep -animaxe seod ton evlovni using elgnis doht:nr tub fo

,noit fi eht ytilicaf .elbaliava gnitanidro-oc a rebmun fo sdohtem ot ekam
hcae tnemelppus ot eht .rehto oN elgnis
)k ssoL ni mass eud ot noitisopmoced fo dohtem is elbaliava ot llet all tuoba a .elpmas
cinagro and a wef rehto cinagroni C, N ehT gniwollof sepyt fo sisylana era edam ot
and S .sdnuopmoc yfitnedi eht stneutitsnoc fo eht :stisoped
6 YROTAROBAL ELPMAS NOITARAPERP )a Chemical Analysis
6.1 fI tneiciffus noitamrofni is elbaliava htiw ehT stluser fo sisylana cra yllareneg
eht yranimilerp noitanimaxe fo eht .stisoped ti detroper ni smret fo cisab sedixo and dica
dluow eb elbissop ot tciderp its ylekil -moc sedirdyhna ot yfirev rehtehw eht sum fo
.noitisop ,rehtruF nehw tnacifingis secnereffid all eht stneutitsnoc setamixorppa ot
ni tisoped erutcurts and ruoivaheb era elbaliava tuoba 100 ro .ton sihT erudecorp seod
htiw yranimilerp ,noitanimaxe ti is elbarised ot ton edivorp rof gnitroper etinifed -elom
edivid eht tnereffid snoitrop ot esylana -arapes raluc snoita,ribmoc ro ti seifingis that yna
.ylet snoitarapeS era semitemos neve edam htiw fo eht sedixo era tneserp ni eht .elpmas
a sharp ,edalb ylbareferp rednu a hgih rewop ,revewoH elbaborp dnuopmoc nac eb
.snel ehT tnereffid snoitrop era ,nekat neht deterpretni fi tneiciffus noitamrofni is
tpek ni tnereffid selttob ro neve tset sebut htiw elbaliava htiw yranimilerp noitanimaxe
reporp markings. ro yna rehto evitceles stset .deilppa