IS 13358-3: Code of Practice for cultivation of aromatic plants Part 3 (Java)

9 Pages·1992·1.1 MB·English

by  Bureau of Indian Standards

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IS 13358-3 (1992): Code of Practice for cultivation of
aromatic plants Part 3 (Java) [PCD 18: Natural and
Synthetic Fragrance Materials]
“!ान $ एक न’ भारत का +नम-ण”
Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
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Indiun Standard
CODEOFPRACTKE FORCULTIVATIONOF
AROMATICPLANTS
PART 3 CITRONELLA ( JAVA )
UDC
665526.22

0 SIB 1992
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
KANAM ,NAVAHB 9 RUDAHAB HAHS RAFAZ MARG
WEN IHLED 110002
ecirP puorG 1
September 1992
Natural & Synthetic Perfumery Materials Sectional Committee, PCD 18
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized by the
Natural & Synthetic Perfumery Materials Sectional Committee had been approved by the Petroleum,
Coal and Related Products Division Council.
Natural perfumery materials like essential oils, are known to vary in olfactory and other physico-chemical
characteristics depending on different agro-climatic conditions. Working on this premise, the Committee
had quite some time back published IS 6774 : 1992 ‘Classication of essential oil bearing aromatic .’stnalp
This standard covers information relating to botanical identity, habitat, economic stage oE growth, harvest-
ing season and part of the plant used for essential oil production. These factors have long been recognized
to govern the quality of the natural essential oils.
Realizing the importance of endemic variations of these factors including fertilizer, irrigation, modern
technology and appropriate agronomic practices developed through a process of evaluation trials at
recognized cultivation centers for aromatic plants in the country, the Committee decided to amplify these
efforts directionally, and prepare specific codes for good cultivation practices for individual aromatic
plants used for essential oil production. This series of Indian standards for specific aromatic plants is
expected to provide guidance to prospective cultivators, producers and users of the essential oils to
obtain the optimum yield of the essential oil of an acceptable qualiry for the perfumery industry.
Oil of Citronella (Java) was earlier imported into India. However, in the recent past, citronella grass of
Java type is being cultivated extensively in various parts of India particularly in Assam (Eastern Regions),
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. The oil produced in India is found to be by and large
comparable with the imported Java type oil. Oil of Citronella (Java) is one of the most important
essential oils used in perfumery industry. It acts as a main starting material for the production of
numerous important perfumery mate1 ial such as geraniol, citronella1 and their derivatives. The oil as
such also finds extensive use in perfumery, various household cleansers, technical products, insecticides etc.
In the preparation of this standard, assistance have been derived from R & D work of ICAR and CSIR
laboratories besides Stated Directorates and Institutes for medicinal and aromatic plants.
IS 13358 ( Part 3 ) : 1992
Indian Standard
CODEOFPRACTICEFORCULTIVATIONOF
AROMATIC PLANTS
PART 3 CITRONELLA ( JAVA )
1 SCOPE and North-Eastern hilly states ( Arunachal
Pradesh, Nagaland, Meghalaya, etc ) as a rainfed
1.1 This code covers cultivation practices of the crop and in parts of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh
aromatic plant for production of oil of Citronella and Tamil Nadu largely as an irrigated crop.
(Java) botanically known as Cymbopogon The oil contains 85-90 percent alcohols calculated
winterianus Jowitt, family Gramineae. as geraniol and 36-40 percent citronellal. The oil
has a characteristic sweet odour.
1.2 The requirements of methods of sampling
and tests for oil of Citronella ( Java ) have been 5 VARIETIES/CULTURES
separately covered in IS 512 : 1988.
The crop is grown from a common culture,
2 REFERENCES introduced eariier from Indonesia.
The following Indian standards are necessary 6 CHOICE AND PREPARATION OF LAND
adjuncts to this standard: FOR CULTIVATION
IS MO. Title The land should be very well prepared to a fine
tilth, free of weeds. The land should preferably
512 : lC88 Specification for oil of Citronella
)avaJ( be laid out into small plots having proper
irrigation channels. when the crop is cultivated
G597 : 1988 Glossary of terms relating to under irrigated conditions.
natural and synthetic perfumery
material ( tsrif revision ) 7 SUITABLE TLME FOR PLANTATION
The planting can be done any time in warm
The above mentioned standards contain provi-
sions which, through reference in this text, weather ( generally March-April ) with irrigation..
constitute provisions of this code. At the time
8 CLIMATE AND SOIL
of publication, the editions indicated were valid.
All standards are subject to revision, and parties This species is a native of warm tropical regions
to agreements based on this standard are with high annual rainfall (200-250 cm) through-
encouraged to investigate the possibility of out the year and alround sun-shine. Frost and
applying the most recent edit io ns of the standards shade adversely affect the growth and crop yield.
indicated above. The crop favours rich, organic, well drained soils,

loamy in texture with p1-I of 5.0 to 7.0. It cannot
3 TERMINOLOGY stand water logging.
For the purpose of this code, the definitions 9 PROPAGATLON AND PLANTING
given in IS 6597 : 1988 shall apply.
The plant is propagated through rooted slips
4 TYPES separated from a growing clump and planted
with the advent of monsoon rain or with irrigation.
4.1 l’he following are the two varieties of The crop is planted at 45 x 45 cm to 60 x 60 cm
Citronella, namely: spacing depending upon soil fertility, on slopes in
the hills. Lower spacing is recommended where
a) Citronella ( Java ) ( Cymbopogon winterianus )
plantation is kept for a shorter duration. Two
Jowitt
rooted slips are planted in each hill up to 15 cm
b) Citronella ( Ceylon ) ( Cymbo#ogon nardus depth and light irrigation is given immediately
Link ) W. after planting.
4.1.1 This code is mainly confined to IO MANURES AND FERTILIZERS
Citronella ( Java ), as Ceylon type Citronella is
not produced commercially in India. The latter This crop is a heavy feeder on inorganic
is grown sporadically because of its low oil yield nutrients and application of NPK fertilizer is
and poor quality, The crop of Citronella (Java) favourable. Under irrigated conditions fertilizers
iS mainly cultivated in Assam, West Bengal NPK 300,40 and 40 kg/ha are recommended.
1
IS 13358 ( Part 3 ) : 1992
The entire quantity of phosphatic and potash advent of winter when it can be cut close to the
fertilizers are given as basal preferably at the ground. The harvested crop is wilted in field for
time of land preparation and nitrogen is given in 2 to 3 hours and this wilted semidried grass is
six equal split applications. Foliar spraying of distilled. On an average, 100 kg oil is obtained in
1 percent urea solution is found to improve the first year, 200 to 250 kg of oil in second and
growth of plants and could be given after onward years per hectare per annum. It is
fortnight intervals. maintained for 4 years in the field. Higher yield
up to 400 kg is also reported.
11 WEEDING AND INTERCULTURE
A minimum of two weedings are required in a 14 DISTILLATLON OF OIL
year. Initially, wheel hoe or bullock drawn culti-
vators are used for interculture. However, once The grass is chopped and filled in stills. Steam
the crop picks up growth, one hand weeding per distillation/hydra distillation is recommended
harvest may be done to maintain a weed free which gives yield of 1 ,O percent oil from semidried
crop. The crop completely covers the fields in grass. The grass is firmly packed in the still to
,65 days or over after planting/last harvest. prevent formation of water channels and each
charge is thus exhausted in 90 minutes for steam
I2 IRRIGATION distillation and nearly 3 h for hydrodistillation.
Since the crop is moisture loving, it needs
irrigation twice in a week during summer season. 15 DlSEASE AND PEST
In places where rainfall is well distributed, as in
The white grub which attacks pearl millet is a
hills of Assam, West Bengal and neighbouring
serious pest of Java Citronella. It bores inside the
states, no irrigation is required from the month
lower shoots and causes wilting the plant outright.
of March to October.
NO effective remedial measures are yet reported.
13 HARVESTING AND YIELD In South India, yellowing and crinkling of the
growing leaves is a common occurrence
First crop is ready for harvest after nine months particularly during summer months. The affected
of planting and thereafter 3 harvesting may be plants are found to be highly infested with mealy
taken per annum, say after 120 to 140 days bugs. The symptoms usually disappear after the
interval. The plant bear rosette leaves with no rains. Spray drench with phorphomidon starting
stem and should be cut about 10 cm above the from January/February months at 15-20 days
ground except before close of season that is interval is recommended as control.

2
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