Introduction to Rocket Science and Engineering, Second Edition

352 Pages·2017·76.39 MB·English

by  Travis S Taylor

Introduction to Rocket
Science and Engineering
Second Edition
http://taylorandfrancis.com
Introduction to Rocket
Science and Engineering
Second Edition
Travis S. Taylor
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Name: Taylor, Travis S., author.
Title: Introduction to rocket science and engineering / Travis S. Taylor.
Description: Second edition. | Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, a CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis
imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa, plc, [2017]
| Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016038572| ISBN 9781498772327 (hardback : acid-free paper)
| ISBN 9781498772334 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Rocketry.
Classification: LCC TL782 .T395 2017 | DDC 621.43/56-- dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016038572
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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To all those rocket scientists and engineers throughout history who have successfully
designed the vehicles and technologies for spacecraft missions that fuel mankind’s sense of
wonder and dreams of space and to all those who will in the future, I dedicate this work.
http://taylorandfrancis.com
Contents
List of Figures ..............................................................................................................................xiii
List of Tables ...............................................................................................................................xxv
Preface ........................................................................................................................................xxvii
Author .........................................................................................................................................xxix
Introduction ...............................................................................................................................xxxi
1. What Are Rockets? .................................................................................................................1
1.1 The History of Rockets .................................................................................................1
1.1.1 400 BCE ..............................................................................................................1
1.1.2 100 to 0 BCE ......................................................................................................2
1.1.3 0 to 100 AD ........................................................................................................2
1.1.4 850 AD ...............................................................................................................3
1.1.5 904 AD ...............................................................................................................3
1.1.6 1132 to 1279 AD ................................................................................................3
1.1.7 1300 to 1600 AD ................................................................................................4
1.1.8 1600 to 1800 AD ................................................................................................4
1.1.9 1800 to 1900 AD ................................................................................................5
1.1.10 1900 to 1930 AD ................................................................................................6
1.1.10.1 A Perspective ....................................................................................7
1.1.11 1930 to 1957 AD ................................................................................................7
1.1.12 1957 to 1961 AD.................................................................................................9
1.1.13 1961 to Present ................................................................................................12
1.1.14 X PRIZE ...........................................................................................................17
1.1.15 Other Space Agencies ....................................................................................18
1.2 Rockets of the Modern Era ........................................................................................20
1.2.1 ESA and CNES ...............................................................................................20
1.2.2 ISRO (India) ....................................................................................................21
1.2.3 ISA (Iran) .........................................................................................................21
1.2.4 Israeli Space Agency ......................................................................................22
1.2.5 JAXA (Japan) ...................................................................................................22
1.2.6 CNSA (People’s Republic of China) .............................................................23
1.2.7 Russian FSA (also known as RKA in Russian—Russia/Ukraine) ..........24
1.2.8 United States of America: NASA and the U.S. Air Force .........................25
1.2.9 Other Systems Are on the Way ....................................................................27
1.2.10 NASA Constellation Program ......................................................................29
1.2.11 NASA SLS Program .......................................................................................32
1.3 Rocket Anatomy and Nomenclature ........................................................................33
1.4 Chapter Summary.......................................................................................................37
Exercises ..................................................................................................................................38
2. Why Are Rockets Needed? .................................................................................................39
2.1 Missions and Payloads ...............................................................................................39
2.1.1 Missions ..........................................................................................................40
2.1.2 Payloads ...........................................................................................................40
vii
viii Contents
2.2 Trajectories ...................................................................................................................42
2.2.1 Example 2.1: Hobby Rocket ..........................................................................43
2.2.2 Fundamental Equations for Trajectory Analysis ......................................46
2.2.3 Missing the Earth ...........................................................................................47
2.2.4 Example 2.2: Dong Feng 31 ICBM................................................................47
2.3 Orbits ............................................................................................................................49
2.3.1 Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation .....................................................49
2.3.2 Example 2.3: Acceleration due to Gravity
on a Telecommunications Satellite ..............................................................50
2.3.3 A Circular Orbit .............................................................................................52
2.3.4 The Circle Is a Special Case of an Ellipse ...................................................55
2.3.5 The Ellipse Is Actually a Conic Section ......................................................57
2.3.6 Kepler’s Laws ..................................................................................................58
2.3.7 Newton’s Vis Viva Equation ..........................................................................61
2.4 Orbit Changes and Maneuvers .................................................................................65
2.4.1 In-Plane Orbit Changes .................................................................................65
2.4.2 Example 2.4: Hohmann Transfer Orbit .......................................................67
2.4.3 Bielliptical Transfer ........................................................................................68
2.4.4 Plane Changes ................................................................................................69
2.4.5 Interplanetary Trajectories ...........................................................................69
2.4.6 Gravitational Assist .......................................................................................71
2.5 Ballistic Missile Trajectories ......................................................................................74
2.5.1 Ballistic Missile Trajectories Are Conic Sections ......................................74
2.6 Chapter Summary.......................................................................................................75
Exercises ..................................................................................................................................76
3. How Do Rockets Work?.......................................................................................................79
3.1 Thrust ...........................................................................................................................79
3.2 Specific Impulse ..........................................................................................................82
3.2.1 Example 3.1: I of the Space Shuttle Main Engines ..................................85
sp
3.3 Weight Flow Rate ........................................................................................................85
3.4 Tsiolkovsky’s Rocket Equation ..................................................................................86
3.5 Staging ..........................................................................................................................91
3.5.1 Example 3.2: Two-Stage Rocket ....................................................................93
3.6 Rocket Dynamics, Guidance, and Control ..............................................................94
3.6.1 Aerodynamic Forces ......................................................................................95
3.6.2 Example 3.3: Drag Force on the Space Shuttle ...........................................97
3.6.3 Rocket Stability and the Restoring Force ...................................................97
3.6.4 Rocket Attitude Control Systems ..............................................................102
3.6.5 Eight Degrees of Freedom ..........................................................................103
3.6.6 Inverted Pendulum ......................................................................................106
3.7 Chapter Summary.....................................................................................................112
Exercises ................................................................................................................................113
4. How Do Rocket Engines Work?.......................................................................................117
4.1 Basic Rocket Engine ..................................................................................................117
4.2 Thermodynamic Expansion and the Rocket Nozzle ...........................................119
4.2.1 Isentropic Flow .............................................................................................121
Contents ix
4.3 Exit Velocity ...............................................................................................................125
4.4 Rocket Engine Area Ratio and Lengths.................................................................132
4.4.1 Nozzle Area Expansion Ratio ....................................................................132
4.4.2 Nozzle Design ..............................................................................................133
4.4.3 Properly Designed Nozzle ..........................................................................135
4.4.4 Expansion Chamber Dimensions ..............................................................137
4.5 Rocket Engine Design Example ..............................................................................138
4.6 Chapter Summary.....................................................................................................143
Exercises ................................................................................................................................143
5. Are All Rockets the Same? ...............................................................................................145
5.1 Solid Rocket Engines ................................................................................................145
5.1.1 Basic Solid Motor Components ..................................................................146
5.1.2 Solid Propellant Composition ....................................................................148
5.1.3 Solid Propellant Grain Configurations .....................................................148
5.1.4 Burn Rate .......................................................................................................149
5.1.4.1 Example 5.1: Burn Rate of the Space Shuttle SRBs ...................151
5.2 Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines ..........................................................................151
5.2.1 Cavitation ......................................................................................................154
5.2.2 Pogo ................................................................................................................154
5.2.3 Cooling the Engine ......................................................................................155
5.2.4 A Real-World Perspective: The SSME Ignition Sequence ......................156
5.3 Hybrid Rocket Engines ............................................................................................156
5.4 Electric Rocket Engines ............................................................................................158
5.4.1 Electrostatic Engines ...................................................................................158
5.4.2 Example 5.2: The Deep Space Probe’s NASA Solar Technology
Application Readiness Ion Engine ............................................................160
5.4.3 Electrothermal Engines...............................................................................163
5.4.4 Electromagnetic Engines ............................................................................164
5.4.5 Example 5.3: The PPT Engine .....................................................................166
5.4.6 Solar Electric Propulsion ............................................................................169
5.4.7 Nuclear Electric Propulsion .......................................................................170
5.5 Nuclear Rocket Engines ...........................................................................................175
5.5.1 Solid Core ......................................................................................................175
5.5.2 Liquid Core ...................................................................................................177
5.5.3 Gas Core ........................................................................................................177
5.6 Solar Rocket Engines ................................................................................................178
5.6.1 Example 5.4: The Solar Thermal Collector ...............................................178
5.6.2 Example 5.5: The STR Exit Velocity, I , and Thrust ................................179
sp
5.7 Photon-Based Engines ..............................................................................................181
5.8 Chapter Summary.....................................................................................................186
Exercises ................................................................................................................................187
6. How Do We Test Rockets? ................................................................................................189
6.1 Systems Engineering Process and Rocket Development ....................................190
6.1.1 Systems Engineering Models .....................................................................193
6.1.2 Technology, Integrated, and Systems Readiness .....................................195