Introduction to Plant Pathology

497 Pages·2003·9.74 MB·English

by  Richard N. Strange

Introduction to
Plant Pathology

Introduction to
Plant Pathology
Richard N. Strange
University College London
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Introductiontoplantpathology/RichardN.Strange.
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Contents
Preface xv
1 The Causal Agents of Plant Disease:
Identity and Impact 1
Summary 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Establishingthecauseofdisease 2
1.3 Therangeoforganismsthatcauseplantdisease 2
1.3.1 Parasiticangiosperms 2
1.3.2 Fungi 4
1.3.3 Nematodes 12
1.3.4 Algae 14
1.3.5 Oomycetes 15
1.3.6 Plasmodiophoromycetes 16
1.3.7 Trypanosomatids 16
1.3.8 Bacteria 17
1.3.9 Phytoplasmas 28
1.3.10 Viruses 29
1.3.11 Viroids 30
2 The Detection and Diagnosis of Plant Pathogens
and the Diseases They Cause 33
Summary 33
2.1 Introduction 33
2.2 Hostrangeandsymptomatology 35
2.3 Morphologyofthecausalorganism 38
2.4 Selectivemedia 39
2.5 Biochemicalmarkers 40
2.5.1 Substratemetabolism 41
2.5.2 Fattyacidprofiles(FAMEanalysis) 42
2.5.3 Proteinanalysis 42
2.5.4 Serologicaltechniques 43
2.5.5 Nucleicacidtechniques 46
2.5.6 Choiceofdiagnostictechniques 57
2.5.7 Ralstoniasolanacearum–acasestudy 58
viii CONTENTS
3 Epidemiology 61
Summary 61
3.1 Introduction 61
3.2 Theoriesofepidemicdevelopment 62
3.2.1 Developmentofdiseaseintime 63
3.2.2 Developmentofdiseaseinspace 66
3.2.3 Fittingdiseaseprogresscurvestoepidemiologicaldata 69
3.3 Theroleofthepathogen 70
3.3.1 Sourcesofinoculum 70
3.3.2 Vectors 75
3.4 Theroleofthehost 80
3.4.1 Host-plantdistribution 80
3.4.2 Theeffectofhostresistanceoninoculum
multiplication 81
3.5 Theroleoftheenvironment 81
3.5.1 Thesoil 82
3.5.2 Theatmosphere 84
4 The Measurement of Inoculum and Disease
Severity and their Effects on Crop Yields 89
Summary 89
4.1 Introduction 90
4.2 Parametersofdiseaseandtheirmeasurement 91
4.2.1 Measurementofdiseasepressureinthesoil 91
4.2.2 Measurementofpathogenpopulationsinthesoil 92
4.2.3 Measurementofpathogenpopulationsintheair 95
4.2.4 Measurementofpathogensintheplant 96
4.3 Measurementofsymptoms 98
4.4 Measurementofyieldandquality 102
4.5 Establishingtherelationbetweendiseaseandyield 102
4.5.1 Critical-pointmodels 103
4.5.2 Multiple-pointmodelsandareaunderthedisease
progresscurve 104
4.5.3 Couplingdiseaseprogresscurveswithplantgrowth 105
4.5.4 Couplingdiseasepredictionswitheconomicloss 106
5 Inoculum Control 107
Summary 107
5.1 Introduction 107
5.2 Reducingthesourcesofinoculum 109
5.2.1 Eradicatingpathogensfromseedand
propagativematerial 109
5.2.2 Eradicatingsourcesofinoculumbyroguing
andpruning 110
5.2.3 Reducingtheroleofcropresiduesassources
ofinoculum 114
CCOONNTTEENNTTSS iixx
5.2.4 Eradicatinginoculumfromthesoil 114
5.2.5 Controlofsoil-borneplantdiseasethrough
theadditionofmineralsandamendmentsand
thealterationofpH 115
5.2.6 Controlofsoil-borneplantpathogensby
flooding 118
5.3 Reducinginoculummultiplication 118
5.4 Reducingtheeffectivenesofinoculum 119
5.4.1 Theroleofforecasting 121
5.4.2 Biologicalcontrol 121
5.5 Screening,developmentandapplicationofbiological
controlagents 133
5.5.1 Screeningforbiologicalcontrolagents 133
5.5.2 Thedevelopmentofbiologicalcontrol
agents 135
5.5.3 Theapplicationandestablishmentofbiological
controlagents 137
5.6 Reducingthespreadofinoculum 138
5.6.1 Controllingthespreadofwind-borneinoculum 138
5.6.2 Controllingthespreadofwater-borneinoculum 140
5.6.3 Controllingthespreadofsoil-borneinoculum 141
5.6.4 Controllingthespreadofinoculumininfected
propagativematerial:theroleofquarantine 143
5.6.5 Controllingthespreadofinoculumbyvectors 144
6 Locating, Penetrating and Colonizing
the Host 147
Summary 147
6.1 Introduction 148
6.2 Thephysicalandchemicalcharacteristicsofmaterials
thatcoverplants 149
6.3 Thephysicalandchemicalcharacteristicsofplantcellwalls 150
6.4 Chemotaxis,encystmentandchemotropism 153
6.5 Passiveentrythroughnaturalopenings 157
6.6 Therolesofphysicalandchemicalsignalsinthegermination
ofpropagulesofplantpathogensandthedifferentiationof
infectionstructures 158
6.6.1 Hydrophobicity 158
6.6.2 Hardness 159
6.6.3 Chemicalsignals 159
6.6.4 Topographicalfeatures 163
6.7 Adhesion 164
6.8 Breachingthecellwallbymechanicalforce 165
6.9 Breachingthecellwallbytheproductionofdegradative
enzymes 167