Introduction To Embedded Systems

760 Pages·2016·13.767 MB·English

by  K. V Shibu

I
NTRODUCTION TO
E S
MBEDDED YSTEMS
Second Edition
About the Author
Shibu Kizhakke Vallathai has over fi fteen years of hands-on experience in the Embedded & Real Time
System domain with solid background on all phases of Embedded Product Development Life Cycle. He
holds a B Tech Degree (Hons) in Instrumentation & Control Engineering from the University of Calicut,
Kerala. He started his professional career as Research Associate in the VLSI and Embedded Systems Group
of India’s prime Electronics Research & Development Centre (ER&DCI—under the ministry of Information
& Communication Technology, Government of India) Thiruvananthapuram Unit. He has conducted research
activities in the embedded domain for Contactless Smart Card Technology and Radio Frequency Identifi cation
(RFID). He has developed a variety of products in the Contactless Smart Card & RFID Technology platform
using industry’s most popular 8-bit microcontroller—8051.
Shibu has sound working knowledge in Embedded Hardware development using EDA Tools and
fi rmware development in Assembly Language and Embedded C using a variety of IDEs and cross-compilers
for various 8/16/32 bit microprocessors/microcontrollers and System on Chips. He is also an expert in
RTOS based Embedded System design for various RTOSs including Windows CE, VxWorks, MicroC/
OS-II and RTX-51. He is well versed in various industry standard protocols and bus interfaces. Presently,
he is engaged with the Devices Group of Microsoft Corporation, USA (www.microsoft.com) as senior
Firmware Engineer. Prior to joining Microsoft, he was engaged with the Embedded Systems and Product
Engineering practice unit of Infosys Technologies Limited (www.infosys.com), Thiruvananthapuram unit as
senior Technology Architect.
I
NTRODUCTION TO
E S
MBEDDED YSTEMS
Second Edition
Shibu Kizhakke Vallathai
Senior Firmware Engineer
Microsoft Corporation
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Introduction to Embedded Systems, 2e
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Contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xvii
Part-1: Embedded Systems: Understanding the Basic Concepts 1
1. Introduc on to Embedded Systems 3
1.1 What is an Embedded System? 4
1.2 Embedded Systems VS. General Computing Systems 4
1.3 History of Embedded Systems 5
1.4 Classifi cation of Embedded Systems 6
1.5 Major Application Areas of Embedded Systems 8
1.6 Purpose of Embedded Systems 8
1.7 Wearable Devices—The Innovative Bonding of Lifestyle with Embedded Technologies 11
Summary 13
Keywords 14
Objective Questions 14
Review Questions 15
2. The Typical Embedded System 16
2.1 Core of the Embedded System 18
2.2 Memory 29
2.3 Sensors and Actuators 35
2.4 Communication Interface 45
2.5 Embedded Firmware 59
2.6 Other System Components 60
2.7 PCB and Passive Components 64
Summary 64
Keywords 65
Objective Questions 67
Review Questions 70
Lab Assignments 72
viii Contents
3. Characteris cs and Quality A ributes of Embedded Systems 73
3.1 Characteristics of an Embedded System 73
3.2 Quality Attributes of Embedded Systems 75
Summary 80
Keywords 80
Objective Questions 81
Review Questions 82
4. Embedded Systems—Applica on- and Domain-Specifi c 84
4.1 Washing Machine—Application-Specifi c Embedded System 84
4.2 Automotive–Domain Specifi c Examples of Embedded System 86
Summary 90
Keywords 91
Objective Questions 91
Review Questions 92
5. Designing Embedded Systems with 8bit Microcontrollers—8051 93
5.1 Factors to be Considered in Selecting a Controller 94
5.2 Why 8051 Microcontroller 95
5.3 Designing with 8051 96
5.4 The 8052 Microcontroller 157
5.5 8051/52 Variants 157
Summary 158
Keywords 159
Objective Questions 160
Review Questions 164
Lab Assignments 166
6. Programming the 8051 Microcontroller 168
6.1 Different Addressing Modes Supported by 8051 169
6.2 The 8051 Instruction Set 175
Summary 199
Keywords 200
Objective Questions 201
Review Questions 206
Lab Assignments 207
7. Hardware So ware Co-Design and Program Modelling 209
7.1 Fundamental Issues in Hardware Software Co-Design 210
7.2 Computational Models in Embedded Design 212
7.3 Introduction to Unifi ed Modelling Language (UML) 220
7.4 Hardware Software Trade-offs 225
Summary 225
Keywords 226
Objective Questions 228
Review Questions 229
Lab Assignments 230
Contents ix
Part-2: Design and Development of Embedded Product 231
8. Embedded Hardware Design and Development 234
8.1 Analog Electronic Components 235
8.2 Digital Electronic Components 236
8.3 VLSI and Integrated Circuit Design 249
8.4 Electronic Design Automation (EDA) Tools 254
8.5 How to use the OrCAD EDA Tool? 255
8.6 Schematic Design using Orcad Capture CIS 255
8.7 The PCB Layout Design 273
8.8 Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Fabrication 293
Summary 299
Keywords 300
Objective Questions 301
Review Questions 304
Lab Assignments 305
9. Embedded Firmware Design and Development 308
9.1 Embedded Firmware Design Approaches 309
9.2 Embedded Firmware Development Languages 312
9.3 Programming in Embedded C 324
Summary 376
Keywords 377
Objective Questions 378
Review Questions 383
Lab Assignments 386
10. Real-Time Opera ng System (RTOS) based Embedded System Design 387
10.1 Operating System Basics 389
10.2 Types of Operating Systems 392
10.3 Tasks, Process and Threads 396
10.4 Multiprocessing and Multitasking 408
10.5 Task Scheduling 410
10.6 Threads, Processes and Scheduling: Putting them Altogether 428
10.7 Task Communication 433
10.8 Task Synchronisation 449
10.9 Device Drivers 482
10.10 How to Choose an RTOS 484
Summary 485
Keywords 487
Objective Questions 489
Review Questions 499
Lab Assignments 504
11. An Introduc on to Embedded System Design with VxWorks and MicroC/OS-II RTOS 507
11.1 VxWorks 508
11.2 MicroC/OS-II 523
x Contents
Summary 552
Keywords 553
Objective Questions 554
Review Questions 556
Lab Assignments 557
12. Integra on and Tes ng of Embedded Hardware and Firmware 560
12.1 Integration of Hardware and Firmware 561
12.2 Board Bring up 565
Summary 566
Keywords 567
Review Questions 567
13. The Embedded System Development Environment 568
13.1 The Integrated Development Environment (IDE) 570
13.2 Types of Files Generated on Cross-Compilation 598
13.3 Disassembler/Decompiler 607
13.4 Simulators, Emulators and Debugging 607
13.5 Target Hardware Debugging 615
13.6 Boundary Scan 617
Summary 619
Keywords 620
Objective Questions 621
Review Questions 622
Lab Assignments 623
14. Product Enclosure Design and Development 624
14.1 Product Enclosure Design Tools 625
14.2 Product Enclosure Development Techniques 625
14.3 Summary 627
Summary 628
Keywords 629
Objective Questions 629
Review Questions 630
15. The Embedded Product Development Life Cycle (EDLC) 631
15.1 What is EDLC? 632
15.2 Why EDLC 632
15.3 Objectives of EDLC 633
15.4 Different Phases of EDLC 635
15.5 EDLC Approaches (Modeling the EDLC) 646
Summary 651
Keywords 652
Objective Questions 653
Review Questions 654