Introduction to Basics of Pharmacology and Toxicology: Volume 3: Experimental Pharmacology : Research Methodology and Biostatistics

898 Pages·2022·20.106 MB·English

by  Mageshwaran Lakshmanan, Deepak Gopal Shewade, Gerard Marshall Raj

Introduction to Basics
of Pharmacology and
Toxicology
Volume 3 : Experimental
Pharmacology : Research
Methodology and Biostatistics
Mageshwaran Lakshmanan
Deepak Gopal Shewade
Gerard Marshall Raj
Editors
123
Introduction to Basics of Pharmacology
and Toxicology
(cid:129)
Mageshwaran Lakshmanan
(cid:129)
Deepak Gopal Shewade
Gerard Marshall Raj
Editors
Introduction to Basics
of Pharmacology
and Toxicology
Volume 3 : Experimental Pharmacology :
Research Methodology and Biostatistics
Editors
MageshwaranLakshmanan DeepakGopalShewade
DepartmentofPharmacology DepartmentofPharmacology
ThanjavurMedicalCollege JawaharlalInstituteofPostgraduateMedical
Thanjavur,TamilNadu,India EducationandResearch(JIPMER)
Puducherry,Pondicherry,India
GerardMarshallRaj
DepartmentofPharmacology
AllIndiaInstituteofMedicalSciences
(AIIMS)Bibinagar
Hyderabad,Telangana,India
ISBN978-981-19-5342-2 ISBN978-981-19-5343-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5343-9
#SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2022
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe
materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,
broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation
storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology
nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication
doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant
protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
The publisher, the authors, and the editorsare safeto assume that the adviceand informationin this
bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor
theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany
errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional
claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations.
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
Dedicated to the “three institutes” that made
me what I am now—Govt Tuticorin medical
College, JIPMER, and Thanjavur Medical
College.
Mageshwaran Lakshmanan
Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
May 2022
Dedicated to all my mentors including my
parents (for their love, care, and affection),
my darling “chinnu” @ Dr. Rekha (for her
unconditional love and exceptional support),
and finally to my little wonder Gershin and
cutie pie Riya (for lending their time).
AndinlovingmemoryofmydearBalabalajee
Sir!
Gerard Marshall Raj
Hyderabad, India
May 2022
Foreword
ItakepleasureinwritingtheForewordforVolumeIIIofIntroductiontoBasicsof
Pharmacology and Toxicology being edited by Drs. Mageshwaran Lakshmanan,
DeepakGopalShewade,andGerardMarshallRaj.Thisparticularvolumedealswith
experimental pharmacology, biochemical pharmacology (instrumentation in drug
analysis),researchmethodology,andbiostatistics.
At present, due to several reasons like advances in biotechnology, the internet,
and an improvement in the economy, leading to great numbers of scientific
researchers, biomedical research is advancing at an unprecedented pace and rate.
This research also involves basic and clinical pharmacology and new drugs are
comingoutintothemarketatarapidpace.Inthislight,thecontentsofthisvolume
willbeveryusefulforthoseinthebusinessofstudyingaboutandbringingoutnew
drugs. This is because this volume covers many important topics in experimental
pharmacology, several important drug screening methods, and instrumentation in
drug analysis. In addition, the book has two important sections, one on research
methodologyandtheotheronbiostatistics.
This volume, as well as the other three volumes of this work, will be of great
value to M.D. students in pharmacology as well as M.Pharm. students, M.Sc.
pharmacology students, Ph.D. in pharmacology students, as well as all others
engagedinteachingandresearchinginpharmacologyanditsalliedsciences.
DepartmentofPharmacology JacobPeedicayil
andClinicalPharmacology,
ChristianMedicalCollege
Vellore,TamilNadu,India
vviiii
Preface to Volume 1: General and Molecular
Pharmacology: Principles of Drug Action
(https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-
981-32-9779-1)
It was in the mid-2016s, when I had been in the phase of transformation from a
postgraduatestudenttoateachingfaculty,thisideaofwritingabookespeciallyfor
M.D.Pharmacology postgraduates came outfromnowhere.Thoughit wasalight-
bulbthought,Ihadbeenruminatingonthatsincethen.
And it was in the late 2017s and early 2018s, I had actually started working on
thisherculeantask.ThefirstthingIdidwastobrowsethroughthevarioussyllabiof
Indian Universities imparting M.D. Pharmacology course. I could retrieve (online
search) around 20 syllabi of Universities in India from the States of Bihar, Delhi,
Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Puducherry (UT),
Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal. Then, I sifted through the
coursecontentsandalsotherecommendedreferencebooksandtextbookstofinalize
thetopicstobecovered.
The ultimate goal of this book is to cater to a prospective M.D. Pharmacology
postgraduate appearing for his/her formative or summative (final) assessment
examinations.Hence,Ihaddividedthebookintoexampaper-wisevolumes.
Volume1:GeneralandMolecularPharmacology:PrinciplesofDrugaction
(cid:129) dealsaboutGeneralPharmacology
Volume2:EssentialsofSystemicPharmacology:FromPrinciplestoPractice
(cid:129) dealsaboutSystemicPharmacology
Volume 3: Experimental Pharmacology: Research Methodology and
Biostatistics
(cid:129) dealsaboutExperimentalPharmacology
Volume4:PharmacologyandTherapeutics
(cid:129) dealsaboutClinicalPharmacology
ix
x PrefacetoVolume1:GeneralandMolecularPharmacology:PrinciplesofDrugAction...
Forthisproject,IhadincludedfiveothercontributorsfromthefieldofPharmacol-
ogy, namely, Dr. Mageshwaran, Dr. Abialbon, Dr. Avinash, Dr. Neel, and
Dr. Nishanthi. They are the major contributors of this four-volume book and also
serveastheprimaryeditorsoftheotherthreevolumes.Iknowthembothpersonally
andprofessionallyforthepast8–10years.Theyareabunchofyoung-yet-proficient
and enthusiastic academicians whom I suppose could satisfy the demands of this
project.Theyarecurrentlyworkingindifferentmedicalinstitutesandpharmaceuti-
calindustriesaroundtheglobe.
This book (Volume 1: General and Molecular Pharmacology: Principles of
Drugaction)isdividedintothefollowingfiveparts.
Part I on Historical Aspects of Drug Discovery comprises renowned
contributions to the field of Pharmacology by personalities both from the Indian
arenaandfromworldover—includingtheNobelLaureates.
Part II on General Pharmacological Principles discusses in detail about the
various facets of general pharmacology ranging from sources of drugs; routes of
drug administration; basic pharmacokinetics including drug transporters and phar-
macodynamics including adverse effects; drug interactions to structure–activity
relationships.
Special Topics in Pharmacology encompassing drug information;
pharmacogenetics; chrono- and ethno-pharmacology; pharmaco-epidemiology and
-economics;orphandrugs;fixed-dosecombinations;translationalandreversephar-
macology; gene and stem cell therapy and principles of prescription writing are
compiledunderPartIII.
PartIVisaboutToxicologyincludingtwochaptersonenvironmentaltoxicology
andbasicprinciplesofmanagementofdrugpoisoning.
PartVdealsaboutMolecularBiologyinPharmacologywithchaptersonPCR,
blottingtechniques,antisenseoligonucleotidesamongothers.
TheM.D.Pharmacologypostgraduatesrelyonmultipletextsfortheirassessment
examinationswhichcouldbehighlytime-consuming,especiallyduringtheprepara-
tionperiod.Moreover,byreferringtodifferenttextsofvariedpatternscanattimes
beextremelydistractingtoapotentialexam-goingstudent.Hence,areviewbookof
thissoughtcanbeinawaylessenthearduoustaskofreferringtonumerousbooksor
materialswithmixedpatterns.
Thebookcouldalsobeofusetoyoungpharmacologistsworkingindifferentjob
portfolios ranging from teaching-research faculty in academia, pursuing medical
advisory roles in pharmaceutical industry to drug safety physicians in
pharmacovigilancesectors.
Thekeyfeaturesofourreviewbookare
(cid:129) Point-wiselistingoffacts.
(cid:129) Inclusionofaround145figures,tables,andboxes.
PrefacetoVolume1:GeneralandMolecularPharmacology:PrinciplesofDrugAction... xi
Thesefeaturesmakethebookmoreconciseandprecise.Thereby,theymakethe
readingallthemoreeasierandreproducible.
Wishingyouallaveryhappyreading!
Puducherry,India GerardMarshallRaj
April2019
Preface to Volume 2
This book aims to present the most important information and concepts relating to
the clinical use of drugs in a concise yet comprehensive way. The use of chemical
substancestomodifyalteredpathophysiologytowardsnormalcyhasbeenoneofthe
major modes of clinical management of human diseases. A good understanding of
pharmacodynamicmechanismsofactionswouldnotonlybehelpfultounderstanda
drug’suseinaparticulardiseasebutalsototheorizepossibleadversedrugreactions
and possible off-label uses. Pharmacokinetic aspects of a drug help select an
appropriate drug in relevant conditions and thereby personalize the treatment
basedonthedisease,patient,anddrugfactors.
InthewordsofthelateDr.StevenA.Dkhar,myprofessor,gettingtoknowadrug
isakintogettingtoknowaperson.Adrughasitspositivesanditsnegatives.While
the positives are what we desire and shun the negatives, the fact that you really
cannot separate both will eventually dawn on you. Understanding the negatives
helps better utilize drugs or, rather, avoid the unnecessary use of drugs. Hence a
balanced approach to understanding the drugs would benefit the budding
pharmacologist.
Thepropertiesofclinicallyusefuldrugs(bothpharmacokineticandpharmacody-
namic) have been presented in a concise form rather than verbose text. Concepts
related to drugs’ use have been explained with diagrams whenever needed.
Considerations that would help put the knowledge obtained to clinical practice are
listed whenever possible. The drugs are dealt with based on organ systems whose
pathologytheyaremostlikelytotreat.Sincemostofthemhaveactionsonmultiple
organ systems, care has been taken to present the spectrum of action of a drug on
multiplesystemsandhowitcontributestotheadversedrugprofileofthedrug.
This book is possible owing to the result of many brilliant minds working
together as a team. This book along with three other volumes has been the result
ofthepassionandhardworkofDr.GerardMarshallRaj.Hehasbeeninstrumental
in bringing the project to fruition. The other main contributors are Dr.
Magheshwaran, Dr. Nishanthi, Dr. Neel Shah, and Dr. Avinash. Various others
havealsocontributedindividualchapters.Theaccumulationofsuchknowledgeand
wisdom is not possible if not for the numerous great minds who have toiled to
discover/studythesepharmacologicalphenomenaandrecordthemdiligently.
xiii