Introduction to Basics of Pharmacology and Toxicology: Volume 1: General and Molecular Pharmacology: Principles of Drug Action

410 Pages·2019·8.163 MB·English

by  Gerard Marshall Raj, Ramasamy Raveendran

Gerard Marshall Raj
Ramasamy Raveendran   Editors
Introduction
to Basics
of Pharmacology
and Toxicology
Volume 1: General and Molecular
Pharmacology: Principles of Drug Action
Introduction to Basics of Pharmacology
and Toxicology
Gerard Marshall Raj
Ramasamy Raveendran
Editors
Introduction to Basics
of Pharmacology and
Toxicology
Volume 1: General and Molecular
Pharmacology: Principles of Drug
Action
Editors
Gerard Marshall Raj Ramasamy Raveendran
Department of Pharmacology Department of Pharmacology
Sri Venkateshwaraa Medical College Hospital Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical
and Research Centre (SVMCH & RC) Education and Research (JIPMER)
Puducherry, India Puducherry, India
ISBN 978-981-32-9778-4 ISBN 978-981-32-9779-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9779-1
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019
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Dedicated to all my mentors including my
parents (for their love, care, and affection),
my darling “chinnu” @ Dr. Rekha (for her
everlasting love and exceptional support),
and finally to my kiddo Gershin (for lending
his time).
Gerard Marshall Raj
Puducherry, India
April 2019
Foreword
It gives me immense pleasure that some of my former bright postgraduates have
made a venture to write a series of textbooks to meet the demands of information in
higher studies in Pharmacology. My student Dr. Gerard Marshall Raj contacted me
to write a “foreword” of the book which I could not decline. I have gone through
some portions of the manuscript and also gave my suggestions for improvement.
The book chapters on “General Pharmacology and Principles of Drug action” are
clearly written. I felt that they should also have incorporated “clinical trials” in this
section. The text is written in lucid language, easy to understand, and will be a good
companion book in Pharmacology for higher studies.
All my best wishes to these young writers in the field of Pharmacology!
Fellow WHO and Fellow Indian College Dr. Suresh Chandra Pradhan
of Allergy, Asthma & Applied Immunology
Delhi, India
Sr. Prof & Head (Retd.), Department of Pharmacology
JIPMER, Pondicherry, India
Prof & Head, Department of Pharmacology,
Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS)
Bhubaneswar, India
25 May 2019
vii
Preface
It was in the mid-2016s, when I had been in the phase of transformation from a post-
graduate student to a teaching faculty, this idea of writing a book especially for
M.D. Pharmacology post-graduates came out from nowhere. Though it was a light-
bulb thought, I had been ruminating on that since then.
And it was in the late 2017s and early 2018s, I had actually started working on
this herculean task. The first thing I did was to browse through the various syllabi of
Indian Universities imparting M.D. Pharmacology course. I could retrieve (online
search) around 20 syllabi of Universities in India from the States of Bihar, Delhi,
Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Puducherry (UT),
Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal. Then, I sifted through the
course contents and also the recommended reference books and textbooks to final-
ize the topics to be covered.
The ultimate goal of this book is to cater to a prospective M.D. Pharmacology
post-graduate appearing for his/her formative or summative (final) assessment
examinations. Hence, I had divided the book into exam paper-wise volumes.
Volume 1: General and Molecular Pharmacology: Principles of Drug Action
• deals about General Pharmacology
Volume 2: Essentials of Systemic Pharmacology: From Principles to Practice
• deals about Systemic Pharmacology
Volume 3: Experimental Pharmacology: Research Methodology and
Biostatistics
• deals about Experimental Pharmacology
Volume 4: Pharmacology and Therapeutics
• deals about Clinical Pharmacology
For this project, I had included five other contributors from the field of
Pharmacology, namely, Dr. Mageshwaran, Dr. Abialbon, Dr. Avinash, Dr. Neel, and
Dr. Nishanthi. They are the major contributors of this four-volume book and also
serve as the primary editors of the other three volumes. I know them both personally
and professionally for the past 8 to 10 years. They are a bunch of young-yet-
proficient and enthusiastic academicians whom I suppose could satisfy the demands
of this project. They are currently working in different medical institutes and phar-
maceutical industries around the globe.
ix
x Preface
The present book (Volume 1: General and Molecular Pharmacology: Principles
of Drug action) is divided into the following five parts.
Part I on Historical Aspects of Drug Discovery comprises renowned contribu-
tions to the field of Pharmacology by personalities both from the Indian arena and
from the world over—including the Nobel Laureates.
Part II on General Pharmacological Principles discusses in detail about the
various facets of general pharmacology ranging from sources of drugs; routes of
drug administration; basic pharmacokinetics including drug transporters and phar-
macodynamics including adverse effects; and drug interactions to structure-activity
relationships.
Special Topics in Pharmacology encompassing drug information; pharmacoge-
netics; chrono- and ethno-pharmacology; pharmaco-epidemiology and pharmaco-
economics; orphan drugs; fixed-dose combinations; translational and reverse
pharmacology; gene and stem cell therapy; and principles of prescription writing
are compiled under Part III.
Part IV is about Toxicology including two chapters on environmental toxicology
and basic principles of management of drug poisoning.
Part V deals about Molecular Biology in Pharmacology with chapters on PCR,
blotting techniques, antisense oligonucleotides, among others.
The M.D. Pharmacology post-graduates rely on multiple texts for their assess-
ment examinations, which could be highly time-consuming especially during the
preparation period. Moreover, by referring to different texts of varied patterns can at
times be extremely distracting to a potential exam-going student. Hence, a review
book of this sought can be in a way lessen the arduous task of referring to numerous
books or materials with mixed patterns.
The book could also be of use to young pharmacologists working in different job
portfolios ranging from teaching-research faculty in academia, pursuing medical
advisory roles in pharmaceutical industry to drug safety physicians in pharmaco-
vigilance sectors.
The following are the key features of our review book.
1. Point-wise listing of facts.
2. Inclusion of around 146 figures, tables, and boxes.
These features make the book more concise and precise. Thereby, they make the
reading all the more easier and reproducible.
Wishing you all a very happy reading!
Puducherry, India Gerard Marshall Raj
April 2019
Acknowledgments
I place my wholehearted gratitude to the publishers Springer-Nature for having
given the due shape to this proposal. Foremost, I wish to express my special thanks
to Dr. Gaurav Singh, the Acquisition Editor, who was in constant touch with me
from the very beginning and was instrumental in giving valuable suggestions all
along in the making of this project. I would also wish to extend my regards to Ms.
RaagaiPriya Chandarasekaran, the Production Coordinator, and her team for their
concerted efforts in the preparation of this book.
I am greatly indebted to my fellow editors of other volumes of this book, namely,
Dr. Mageshwaran, Dr. Abialbon, Dr. Avinash, Dr. Neel, and Dr. Nishanthi—but for
them, the whole proposal would not have seen the light of the day.
I also place my sincere regards and profound thankfulness to Professor (Dr.)
Ramasamy Raveendran, Dean (Research)-cum-Head of the Department of
Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and
Research (JIPMER), for his unparalleled support as a senior editor of this book
despite his busy schedules.
I would also like to acknowledge Professor (Dr.) Suresh Chandra Pradhan,
Former Head of the Department of Pharmacology of JIPMER, for sparing time to
read the entire chapter drafts and readily obliging to write a Foreword for this book.
Nothing is possible without the Divine Grace (“The LORD is my shepherd!”).
Therefore, I thank the Almighty for good health and well-being that were necessary
to complete this book.
Puducherry, India Gerard Marshall Raj
April 2019
xi
Contents
Part I Historical Aspects of Drug Discovery
1 The Great Pharmacologists and Their Revolutionary
Discoveries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Gerard Marshall Raj
2 Indian Contributions to Pharmacology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Sakthibalan Murugesan and Mangaiarkkarasi Adhimoolam
Part II General Pharmacological Principles
3 Sources and Nature of Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Avinash Arivazhahan
4 Principles and Modes of Drug Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Avinash Arivazhahan
5 Drug Absorption and Bioavailability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Abialbon Paul
6 Drug Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Abialbon Paul
7 Drug Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Mageshwaran Lakshmanan
8 Drug Elimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Elavarasi Pichai and Mageshwaran Lakshmanan
9 Mechanisms of Drug Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Abialbon Paul
10 Drug Transporters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Rekha Priyadarshini
11 Adverse Effects and Pharmacovigilance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Avinash Arivazhahan and Sushil Kiran Kunder
xiii