Introduction to Anthroplogy 1000

132 Pages·2008·16.701 MB·English

by  John W. Cottier

GEOLOGTIICMS EC ALE
/----..._
ERASb ased
DURATION
EON upon PERIOD EPOCH AGE
Ma
PLANTS ANIMALS Ma
Holocene
QUATERNARY 16.4 r- 0.01
Pleistocene
f-16.4
0 Ploicene
Neogene 22.4 5.3
i= CENOZOIC >-a: Miocene 66 f-
>-I <( r- 23
ll.. i= Oligocene f-33.9
0 a:
z w PaleogeneE ocene 42
w I-
0 f-55.8
Paleocene
65.5
�T;. f
CRETACEOUS 79.5
145
0
i= MESOZOIC .•
k
>-I JURASSIC 54
ll..
0
(f) I'·T
199
w
�
TRIASSIC 52
0
0 251
'
N
0
PERMIAN 48
a:
w
z 299
<(
en
I 0 ::0:: :> Pennsynlivaan 21
ll.. i=
0:
>-I wLLz 51 320
ll.. 0
0 Mississippian 30
CD
a:
w <(
0:_J (.) 359
DEVONIAN 57
416
PALEOZIOC
SIULRIAN 28
444
0
ORDOVICIAN 44
i=
>-I
ll..
0 488
a:
w
I-
0 CAMBRINA 54
a:
ll..
542
SINAIN VENDINA 40
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GeologTiicmaSelc al2e0 04
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SECONDE DITION
PHYSICAALN DB IOLOGICAANLT HROPOLOGY
ANTH1 000
JohnW . Cottier
AuburUnn iversity
CONTEMPORARPYU BLISHINCGO MPANYO F RALEIGHI,N C.
CPC
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
PhysicaanldB iological Anthr.o. p o.l o.g y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
IntroducttoiA ornc haeolo.g. y . . . . . . . . . .1 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EXERCISES
. . . . . . . . . . . 1.- 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Geneti.c s
. . . . . . . . . .2 -.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MysterFyo ss1i. l
. . . . . . . . . .3 -1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mystery Fos.s il2.
. . . . . . . . 4.- 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ForensAinct hropolo.g y.
. . . . . . .5 -.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ArchaeologDiactaaDl e script.i on
. . . . . . .6 -.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TheA rchaeoloofgC yi viliza.t ion
. . . . . . .7 -.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fringoefsa CreeCko mmunit.y
. . . . . . . . 8.- 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ArchaeologLiecsaslo n.s
. . . . . . . . 9.- 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TheA nthropoloofgA yr t.
. . . . .. ..1 0..- 1.. .. . . . . . . . .
TheE nviro-LitiPgaartt1osa r nsd 2 . .
. . . . . . . . . -.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A
SomeF inaTlh ough.t s
. . . . . . . . . A.-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GenetiWcosr ksheet
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PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL
ANTHROPOLOGY
INTRODUCTION tot hetsrea onrsmfoantiso,rc hansga,en mdo st
notaobftl heea srneea tusrealle ction, mutation,
Ofa ll osfuj betcththesha atv aetr tachtuemda ng enedtriicaf ntgd,e ne Afllolw .w toorgke ther
curiosietqyut,ah lief n etwei rnoe usortw no riings.t op romocthea nbgueet,a chha asn i mportance
Additiofneawsl ujlbeych,ta sva etr tactseomd u ch ini tsFeolerfx .a mpnlaet,u ral wsoeulledc tion
spectuiloaanns do m anwyi lcdl aimmasdi ent he havlei tttosl eel feorcmti fm utatwiaosnn o t
namoefs cieIntic siem .p orttoa nrte mtehmabtep rr esiengn itv peonp tuilnoasT.h aec twuaaylis n
humaanrsre e lattoae lodlt haenri maanlsdsh ,a rew hich evwoolrukhtsai vboeen e dni scuisns ed
mancyh arearcitswtiitschos m sep ecainfiimca lrse.c eyneta brysc ontragsrtaidnuga wliitshm
Neveerltehcsesr,tc ahianr ascttidecersfi insiette pluyn ctueaqtueidl ibThrmeio urmte.r aodniatli
humaanpsa frortma lolt hmeerm beorfts ha en imavli ehwe ltdh at gcrhaadnuogacelcso u vret ri me.
kingdaonmtd,o getthheeusrne i qcuhea rraicstteiTchsii sd eeam phasizcehda natgcheca utm ulates
assuisis fntor mulaatd ienfign iotfihounm ankignrda.d uiantl hleeyv olvsipnegci inqe use stIino n.
Thheu mabnr aainnid t asb iltiout ssyey mbotlhse, m ore reycerea,sns tmo eb iologhiasvtes
fatchtwa etd emornashttaeb itbuiaple daalnids qmu,e stitohninesod t iSoonm.fe os seivli dence
our atboui slteio toaylsa s ne xtrasommeaatnisc soufg gesats sp etchmiaaetyes x ifsottrh ousands
adapttioon ugre nvironamreseno tm,oe f t he ofg enerationosrn owc ihtahna gnletdi h tetnl e
charascttitechrssaie tut sa paarsdt i stihnucmtalny.a lmossutd deann elwys pecmiaeyas p prea and
Ina ddittihoecnsh,ea ractperroivshitudimeca sn st hoet hsepre cmiaeybs e coumnec ommionfno t
witahnu nparaalblietllomie atdny i puoluwarot rel de xtiTnhciutsn. e vneonn,- grpardoucaoelfns os
ande vecnr eaetnev ironfmoeornu trus s ea nd chanpguen,c tubayrt aepdpi edr ioofcd hsa nge
comfort. habse etne rmpeudn ctueaqtueidl ibArsai um.
modetloi llruastetev olutthiiosn ,l ast example
seemtsop rovaib deet ftietr tfheoexr si ting
evidence.
EVOLUTION
Twos eparbautte ,cl oimmpenltianroeyfs
evidemnacybe e emplionay nae tdt etmop t
Mucho f anthriosvp ioelwowegidyht iann
understtheaevn odil ounthariys toofrs ypa e icci f
evolurtypi eornsapeacnetdvi ovleu timoondaerlys
speecsTi.h eisnec ltuhadece t fuoasles viild ence,
aroefm ajoirm portiann cbpeoh tyhs iacnatlh ro­
sucahsb ones,t hgeae nnde etviicd ence, such
poloagswy e lalsa rchaeoElsonsgteyi.a elvloy­,
asD NA,c arriinel di vionrggs amn.siU ntil
lutiiscoh nag neb;u nto atl clh anigesev l outi.on ary
recentthfleosy s,ei vli dehnacbsee etnh meo st
Whenw em entbiioonl oegvioclaulat s ipoenc,i fic
visliibonlfiee n viegsattbieocnat uhseaesn ec ient
definiiestm ipolnow yheidrc ehf tetorh sie rr eversible
bonepsr ovtiadneg iebvlied eonftc hepe a st.
transtfioornmsat hgeo efn ectoimcp osiotf ion
Fossmialtys a ke fmoarsnmTy.h emya yi nclude
populgartoisuoC.pne rtmaeicnh anciosnmtsr ibute
imprionfat nsi mal atnrdaa cctkubsao lno er
INTRODUCTIOTNO ANTHROPOLOGY
,--
tiswshuiech ha bse erne plabcyae df oorfm geolopgaiisccstaa ll ploetda sasrigu(omK/n A r)
mineralWihziatltiehoe anrre.e mwaanyyis n datiwnhgi,mc eha sutrhees radioaocft ive decay
whitchhfe os sitliipozrna ocmeasyts a kpel ace,P otas4s0ii nuAtmro g oTnh.ip sro cerdeuqruei res
thearreae l smoa nwya ybsy w hicthhfe os sil roctkhsoa rti gidniandlo cltoy n taaniaynr gon.
recomradyb ed estroIynfe adtc.t, h feos sil Thbe est miavsto elrnciiraacol cs ki ntchheee at
recoorfmd o satn imiafsla fsror mc omplaentde generfaortmet dh ee ruptrieomnosv aensy
mayc ontoanilanfy e fwo sfsorimls so mcer ciatli origianragloT nhu.s a,l alr goind einetidin f
periooftd ism Deo.et sh miesna t htahtri esc ord sampolfev so lnciarco cikst hree souflt th e
ifsli lweidt h "mmainnsygls iinaknsse "w sppears radioadcetciaovyfea naturoaclcluyr ring
orn ovelss uogfgteNesonrtt e? a lMloysft.os sil isotoofpp oet aums( sKi40R)a.d ioaKc4t0i ve
recowrhdisnl,oe ct o mpleexthei,tb hibeta sic hasa hallfi foefa pproxim13a. mtielllyi on
treonfed v oluotfi soapn e iccsi pfeccileresla y yera,sw hicwho uladl laocwc urdaatteio nfg
and appaHroewnetvlaeysmr. o, r feo ssairles rocfkorsmo ve1r00 ,0t0o40 . b5i llion years ago.
discovweerm eadya, l scoh anogueur nder­ Thimse thdooden sod ti redcatftloseys r ielm asi,n
standoifn tgrh eicsoE rvde.sn o t,h aed ditionbaulit n staelaldot whsae s signomfea n dtat e
testoifhn ygp ostehasen dc hanignet sh eoriebsa seodnt he relatoifo fnaoss shtiiolpa s
refletchtmesa j omre thobdyws h icshc iencek nowlne voefvl o lcaancitci vTihutsyi,.fa
wor.k s fossiisfl uo ndb etweleany e3ar nsd4 ,a ndi f
layeirds a 3tb eyKd A rt ob e1 5.m illyieroasin n
agweh illaey 4ei rsd ataet1d .m6i llyieoanr s,
thenf ostshfieall lbs e tweetnw iotd heen tified
A TIMFER AME dastO.et hcehrr onomdeattriminecgt hoofdtse n
utiliinzp ehdy siacnatlho rloopgaysw elals
Tou ndersetvaonldui ttia olinnss eo c ersys a geoliongcyl fuidses iond attrieanlcgek,c tron
tod evealp oepr speocntt htieiv mese c aolfteh e spirne sonantchee,r monleusmcience,
earatnhdt haeg oef s pecfiosfsiicSl evse.r al magnerteivce rasnaadlr sc,h aeomaaggnee tic
modedma timnegt hopdrso vuiswd iet h a tidmeet erminAadtdiiotniso.sn oamlmele yt,h ods
farmet o oizregg aenololg iecvaaenntdth se se ofd atairnnegoa tsa bsobluumtta eyn, e vheerltess
evenetsst abasl tiasfghoe r etvhoel uotfli iofne . be uotfi ltiobt oyt ahr cohlaoegaysw elals
Brieflwye,k notwh eea ritssh o mfeo uarn ad physaincrtaohlp olIongcyl.u dtehdew soieun l d
halbfi llyieroasin na gaen tdh asto me foofr m bes tratigfrauanpachloy r,r elaftorimosonf s ,
lihfaes exoines atreftdoho r v etrh rbeiel lionc hemidcaatlio nfbg o naen odt hmeerht ods.
yeaTrhsge.e ologicatlh aaprte er mitoohsdets
Them oswti de_luysm eedt hoofda bsolute
imporftoahrnu tm aenxs itenacrseeo mewhat
datiinngv olrvaedasir obcdoant gi,pn oprullya
laitnce o mrpiastootn ha eg oeft heea ratnhad r e
knowansC arbond-a1t4iT nhgi.st hmieos s t
onlsyo mteh rteofev i em illyieoainr nas g eOf.
common maonsadtc curmaetteh odd atoifn g
spiefciimcp ortaarntech Peel iocaep neer,i od
formleirv ingn iosrmngsoa to ldetrh an
forma bo2ut to 5 m illyieoransa goa,n td he
approxim5a0t,e0yl0ey0a rIsnt. h 1e5 90sit,
Pleistaop ceernifeoor,md 1 0,0t0o20 m illion
wadsi svceortehdla itv ings mohsra gvcaeen ritain
yeaargs(o s teheGe e oloTgiimScec lae.)
levoefln saa t urallyr aodcicouaircsrtoiitnvogep e
Thaeg eosft h epseer iaorwdees el slt ablishoefCd a rb1o,4nw -hichhaa sk nown lhiaflef of
by bgoetohl oagnidsa tnstoh prologwihos ts som5e7, 3±0y eaLrisv.i pnlga anntadsn imals
havues evda rimoeutsh oodfas b solduattei ng.t akienb otohr dincaarryb( oC1n)2 a sw elals
Thmeo satc cuarbastoedl auttmieen tgh od of rtahdei oaccatrib(voCe1n )4 T.h ep roporotfi ons
2 COTTIER
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sot hsaot msepc eifpiocp ulgartoiuompnas yb e
morseu ittote hdne e we nvirosnI.mfs e ont,th e
animpaolpl uatiwoonu lldi keclhya nogvee r
timaes m oroef t he ansiumiatfleosdar n
environmernetp rwooadunurldced ep loatchee rs
ofi tosw ns pecIinoe tshw.eo rr dsso,ma en imals
migflhotu rwihsihol teh weoruscl eda tsoee x ist
and stpheec aise rsae produucntiwitov uel d
FoodC hain chanignie tg se nectoimcp osition.
� A majocrh anignte h een vironomne nts
earotchc urraetd etnhdoe f tChree taceous
perisoodm,6e 5m illioang yoTeh.ai prses r iod
oft imies aisastwoeicdtg hr adcuhaaln igtneh se
environamnie nnctr,ie wnao srewl iddv eo lnciac
actiavsiw teyla,ls wtihtiehm paocfat l arge
meteoorrai sttee rTohiedes.vee n tisnc ombi­
theissse o mewtch oasntadnutr ilnigfA ef.t er
natieosnt,a blaiv sehrheyod s teinlvei ronment
deantoha ,d ditCiaornnba-1ol4i s tianka,en nd
one ar,wt hhiecxht ermmiannalyti evdoi rngga n­
thwahti hcahad c cumudluartileneidbg f e gian s
imssP.e rhmaopsst impooruterav notl uftoiro n
slopwr ocoefss sp ontadneecoauTysh. u as ,
watsh eex termionfta htdeii onno sWahuirlse.
measurtehr eao tofif Co a rnb-1o4a nCda rbon-
thmeo viJeur asPsairrcke pressoemnetwsh at
12p roviadnae csc uraagtfeeo t rh dee aotfh
ofa nu nrealdiesptiicoctf is oonmd ei nosaur
manyfro meorr gsamnsiW.h ilmea nyi tems
behavnioontreh, ha atv see etnhm aotv wioeu ld
mayy ieCladr b1o4nd-a stt,eh meo satc curate
wisthog o" hatnohd a nwdi"t dhi nao sTahuer .
dataerspe r ovifodrmew do ocdh caoral.
masesx tinocft imsoaonn a yn imaattl hsti ism e
ultimaaltleolfwyote rhd e evolutilosn, of mamma
and ltahtdeee rv eloopmfpe rnitm aatneodsu r
owns pecies.
IMPORTANCTH ANGES
Thew armt ropiwcoarllo dfsb otthh e
Dationftg h eev enotfts hg ee olopgaiscta l
Paleo(cseon5me5te o6 5m illyieroaasng oa)nd
hapsr oviadnae cdc urreaptre eseonftt haet ion
thEeo ce(nseo m3e8t o5 5m yad)e monstrates
porcesbsyew sh icthh me odern wwaosr ld
theex istoefpn rciem atmea-mlmiafkloesl lowed
fomred. Soofm teh ei mmpoorreetv aennottf s
bys omoef t hem osptr imiptriovsei mians
thCee nozaoriiecn \d irreecstploynf sotirhb el e
conesriedtdob et hferi sptr imsa.Bt yet he
evoluotfoi uorn oswpne cMiaensoy.f t hese
chanagreaess sioactweidts hp eicci fchanges in
envirotnsWm.he enne nvironcmheanntgse ,
Riug�LcTmaui<k·<sl
thoasnei mawlhsi chha vaed aptteot dh at (lttilW' C!ltla}
environmmaeybn etc omeext iInncs tu.c h
castehsae,n imsaple cciaens cnoontt itnou e
reprodtuhcreea tnaeet c ersys mataoi ntiatisn
poptuiloaann dt hsep ecsiiemsp cleya steos
exiOsntt .h oet hhearn tdh,se p ecmiiegsh t
exhiabb iito loldg iivceyari snii tptso pulation
INTRODUCTIONT O ANTHROPOLOGY 3
followOilnigg oc(esnoem2 e2t o3 8m ya),
primaetveo luwtaisou nnd ergcohianngg es
assotcewidia tbho tehl aboraastw ieolanls
diveircsaitfBiyot nh.ee n do ft hipse riaosd ,
clref aosesviild ednecmeo rnasstt,be otthh e
OlWdo rladnN de wW orlmdo nkeaysws e lals
servael foofrO mlsdW orladp ewse rceo ­
existinfgol.l oTMwhiieon cgee npeo lcahs ted
forma pproxi5mt ao2t 2em liyl lyieoanar gso
anids aisastoecdt hwdeii rtsihtb uotfiw oiand e
ranogffe a imroldye mrna mmlasB.yt he middle
oft hMei ocesneev,ei rmaplo rftosasnaitpl e s
werfeo unidn rAifcAas,i a Eaunredo .Tp he
mositm porotfta hnetis nec launde easrf loyr m
oft hger eaaptek sn owansD rypoithefcouunsd, spectihewasat ss u ccuelfs osorfv etrw moi llion
yea.Dr usritnhgti ism teh eeyx hibdiitveeydr sit
ins izseh,af poer,am n rdo buesstHsno.w evienr ,
spiotfte h ediifrfee rncaelssl,h arceedr tbaaisni c
charasctstiTe.chr eibirra wianas b oountte h ird
ofm odern ahnudm atnfh aecaienr td e ewtehr e
enormionsu iszT eo.d aaytl, e atshtrs eeeap rate
earhloym inairrdees c ognAiuzsetdr:a lopithe­
cuasf aernsAiuss,t ralopairftihceaacnnu udss ,
AustralopriotbhuescAtulusts h.o euagchh
displcaeyretdaa sipne ctism poorft faonrc e
homienviodl untoinwoeon u,bl edc alhluemda n
int hebierh avaisopraeWlch tasit.cs l eiatsrh at
thehsoem inwiedrbsei pehdaaldla ,r bgrea ins
inE uorpea,nK de npyiathefcuounsid,nA frica. fotrh ebiords yi zaenw,de rsek ililnse cedu ring
Thee videonfc ep riemvaotleud tuiroitnnh ge fooidn c oam petitive Meonslvtii rkoenlmye,n t.
Mioceivnsee r iym porttooa unortw ne xistencsee,v eorfta hle fsroem osf t haeu stralopithecines
ash ominidsa paesnspd lf oritmtha enu nknown exisattoe rad b otuhtse a mpee riooftd i maen,d
commoann cesrtoourg hbleyt we5e ann d9 werlei kiendl iyr ceocmtep titfiororen s coeusr,
millyieroansa go. sucahsf oodS.u ccho mpetwiotuilomdno st
likfealvyto hro sspee cwiheisch ha da more
varideidea tso, p posteod twhiotsahev ery
speciadliiezte.d
AUSTRALOPITHECINES
Ani mportantc onarcsnepiehncogtm inid
evuotlidounr itnhgeP linoeci es that the
Theo ldoefst thhe u mafnos sriell atairev es
australophiatvohene lbcyei enne sd isicno vered
fouinntd h aer aes boofte ha asntsd o uAtfrhi ca
AfriTchaid.se monstthreaaitsresi soa ctwiiotnh
follotwhiPenl gi oceepnoe(c 2ht o5m yaw)h en
a waarnmtd r opeincvailr onsmpeeincctia,fl ly
the trforopeiswcteasrbl ee irnegp lbaycg erda ss­
tropgircaasls olrsa anvdaasns Cn.o llectthiev ely
lanwdistf weht ereCso.l lectthieavsrereele yf,err ed
australopliitkheeexlcpyil noseiistm eribd lu at
toa s atuhes tralopiatnhdr eecpirneaes se nt
4 COTTIER