Introducing anthropology : an integrated approach

424 Pages·2014·108.32 MB·English

by  Michael Alan Park

INTRODUCING ANTHROPOLOGY
SIXTH EDITION
INTRODUCING
ANTHROPOLOGY SIXTH
EDITION
An Integrated Approach
Michael Alan Park
Central Connecticut State University
II
INTRODUCING ANTHROPOLOGY, AN INTEGRATED APPROACH,SIXTH EDITION
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1234567890DOODOC109876543
ISBN 978-0-07-803506-7
MHID 0-07-803506-6
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Park, Michael Alan.
Introducing anthropology: an integrated approach /MichaelAlan Park.-Sixth edition.
pages em
ISBN-H 978-0-07-803506-7 (alk. paper)
ISBN-W, 0-07-803506-6 (alk. paper)
1. Anthropology. I.Title.
GN25.P293 2014
301-<1c23
2013015524
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In memory of her companionship many years ago
as I conceived, researched, and wrote
my first book, this one is for:
Joyce
(1982-1996)
And the patches make the goodbye harder still.
-CAT STEVENS
Contents
Preface xvii
A Personal Note to My Readers XXlll
PART ONE Anthropology: The Biocultural Study
of the Human Species I
Chapter I DOING ANTHROPOLOGY: Defining the Discipline 3
In the Field 4
The Hutrerires 8
Anthropology 12
CONTEMPORARY ISSUES,What Responsibilities Does the Anthropologist Have
When Studying Other Cultures! 16
Plan of the Book 19
SUMMARY 20
QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER THOUGHT 20
NOTES, REFERENCES, AND READINGS 20
Chapter 2 HOW ANTHROPOLOGY WORKS: Methods of Inquiry 21
The Scientific Method 22
The "Rules" of the Scientific Method 22
Some Common Misconceptions about Science 23
"Science Proves Ideas for All Time" 23
"Once We Have a Theory about a ParticularTopic, We Don't Need to Do
More Science" 24
"Science Studies Only Visible, Tangible, Present-Day Things" 24
Science Is Conducted in a Cultural Context 25
vii
viii Contents
Belief Systems 27
Anthropology as a Science 28
Studying the Past 28
Studying Culture 29
CONTEMPORARY ISSUES:Are Science and Belief Inherently in Conflict with
One Another? 30
Anthropological Methodology: Fieldwork 33
Data Collection 33
Material Observation 33
Biological Observation 33
Behavioral Observation 33
Direct Communication 34
Participant-Observation 34
Some Other Considerations 34
SUMMARY 35
QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER THOUGHT 35
NOTES, REFERENCES, AND READINGS 35
Chapter 3 THEMES OF ANTHROPOLOGY: Evolution 37
The Evolution of Evolution 38
Before Darwin 38
The Biblical Context 38
The Evidence for Change Accumulates 39
Catastrophism Offers an Explanation for Change 39
Uniformitarianism Answers Catastrophism 41
Lamarck Explains Biological Change 41
Charles Darwin 43
Species 47
To What Is the Organism Adapted? 48
How Is the Organism Adapted to Its Environment? 48
Modern Evolutionary Theory 49
Evidence 50
Processes 52
Natural Selection 52
The Other Processes of Evolution 54
The Origin of New Species 57
Contents ix
CONTEMPORARYISSUES:Is Evolution a Fact, aTheory,
or Just a Hypothesis! 59
SUMMARY 60
QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER THOUGHT 60
NOTES, REFERENCES, AND READINGS 61
Chapter 4 THEMES OF ANTHROPOLOGY: Culture 63
The Concept of Culture 65
The Characteristics of Cultural Behaviors 65
Culture Is Learned 65
Culture Involves Concepts, Generalizations, Abstractions,
Assumptions, and Ideas 66
Culture Involves Active Learning and Symbolic
Transmission 66
Culture Requires Artifacts 67
Culture in Nonhuman Primates 67
Chimpanzees Make Tools 68
Monkeys Use Tools 69
Apes Can Be Taught the Rudiments of Human Language 70
Humans Are Cultural 71
Brains and Culture: The Basic Biocultural Level 71
A Model for the Study of Cultural Systems 73
The Cultural "Filter" 74
Worldview 74
Some Examples 76
The Role of Religion 76
The Arctic 77
Southwest Asia 78
The American Worldview 80
An Anthropological Analysis of the Necktie 80
Material Culture and the Study of the
Cultural Past 82
Material Culture and Cultural Systems 83
Archaeological Analysis 85
CONTEMPORARYISSUES:Can Anthropologists Study Their
Own Cultures! 88
CONTEMPORARYISSUES:Who Owns Archaeological Sites
and Their Contents! 90
SUMMARY 90
QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER THOUGHT 92
NOTES, REFERENCES, AND READINGS 92
X Contents
PARTTWO The Identity and Nature of the Human Species 95
Chapter 5 OUR PLACE IN NATURE: Humans as Primates 97
Naming the Animals 99
Linnaean Taxonomy 99
A Primate Taxonomy 101
Into the Trees 103
The Primate Traits 104
The Human Primate 112
SUMMARY 113
QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER THOUGHT 114
CONTEMPORARY ISSUES: Should Nonhuman Primates Have Right,l IIS
NOTES, REFERENCES, AND READINGS 116
Chapter 6 EVOLUTION: The Bipedal, Large-Brained Primate 117
Out of the Trees 118
Primate Evolution 118
The Evolution of Bipedalism 121
The Benefits of Bipedalism 122
Two Problems 123
The Early Hominids 123
The Earliest Possible Hominids 123
More Definite Hominids 124
The First Members of Genus Homo 128
The First Stone Tools 128
Making Stone Tools 129
The Lives of Early Homo 131
Around the World 132
The Homo erectus Stage 133
Tools and Migrations 136
The Ice Ages 137
Behavioral Traits 138
The Archaic Homo sapiens Stage 138
The Neandertals 139
The Anatomically Modern Homo sapiens Stage 143
Tools 145
Art 147
SUMMARY 151
Contents xi
CONTEMPORARYISSUES:How Many "Kinds" of Humans Have
There Been? 152
QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER THOUGHT 153
NOTES, REFERENCES, AND READINGS 154
Chapter 7 REPRODUCTION: The Sexual Primate 155
Sex and Human Evolution 157
Primate Sex 157
Human Sex 158
Loss of Estrus, and Sexual Consciousness 158
Antecedents and Evolution of Human Sexuality 159
The Importance of Development and Child Care 161
Vive la Difference 161
Sex and Gender 167
The Definitions 167
Gender as Folk Taxonomy 168
Sex and Cultural Institutions 170
Marriage 170
The Incest Taboo 172
SUMMARY 175
CONTEMPORARYISSUES:What Causes Differences in
Sexuai Orientation? 176
QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER THOUGHT 176
NOTES, REFERENCES, AND READINGS 178
Chapter 8 HUMAN VARIATION: Biological Diversity
and Race 179
Why Are There No Biological Races within the
Human Species? 182
The Concept of Race within General Biology 182
The Distribution of Human Biological Variation 184
Skin Color 18S
Blood Type 187
Human Genetics 189
Evolutionary Theory and the Nature of the
Human Species 191
Mobility and Gene Flow 191
Culture 192
What, Then, Are Human Races? 192
Anthropology and the Study of Race 195
xii Contents
Race, Racism, and Social Issues 196
Cultural Level 196
Race and Intelligence 199
SUMMARY 201
CONTEMPORARIYSSUESA:reThere RacialDifferences in
AthleticAbility? 202
QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER THOUGHT 204
NOTES, REFERENCES, AND READINGS 204
PARTTHREE Adapting to Our Worlds 207
Chapter 9 FOOD: Getting It, Growing It, Eating It, and Passing
It Around 209
Food and Human Evolution 210
Food in Prehistory 210
Food in Historical Times 212
Food-Collecting Societies 215
The Characteristics of Food Collectors 215
An Example Food-Collecting Society 218
The Food-Producing Revolution 223
The Transition to Food Production 223
Evidence for the Food-Producing
Revolution 225
Animal Domestication 225
Plant Domestication 229
Food-Producing Societies 231
Horticulture 231
Pastoralism 234
Agriculture 235
Which Subsistence Pattern Works Best? 239
Some Basic Economics 240
Patterns of Exchange 241
Reciprocity 241
Market System 242
Redistribution 242
Social Stratification 244
SUMMARY 245
CONTEMPORARIYSSUESI:sThere aWorld Population CrisisThat IsPutting
Pressure on Food and Other Resources? 246